Steroid hormone

Steroid hormone is a type of hormone that is chemically classified as a steroid. Steroid hormones are synthesized primarily in the adrenal gland and gonads. They regulate a wide range of physiological functions, including metabolism, immune response, and reproduction.

Structure and synthesis

Steroid hormones are derived from cholesterol. The synthesis of steroid hormones involves a series of chemical reactions that modify the cholesterol molecule. The process begins in the mitochondria, where cholesterol is converted into pregnenolone by the enzyme P450scc. Pregnenolone then serves as the precursor for all other steroid hormones.

Types of steroid hormones

There are five major classes of steroid hormones: glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, androgens, estrogens, and progestogens. Each class has distinct physiological effects.

Glucocorticoids

Glucocorticoids, such as cortisol, regulate glucose metabolism and immune response. They are produced in the adrenal cortex.

Mineralocorticoids

Mineralocorticoids, such as aldosterone, regulate electrolyte and water balance. They are also produced in the adrenal cortex.

Androgens

Androgens, such as testosterone, are responsible for the development of male secondary sexual characteristics. They are produced in the testes.

Estrogens

Estrogens, such as estradiol, are responsible for the development of female secondary sexual characteristics. They are produced in the ovaries.

Progestogens

Progestogens, such as progesterone, prepare the uterus for pregnancy. They are also produced in the ovaries.

Function

Steroid hormones exert their effects by binding to specific intracellular receptors. The hormone-receptor complex then translocates to the nucleus, where it regulates the transcription of target genes.

See also

• Hormone
• Endocrine system
• Steroidogenesis
• Sex steroid

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