Subarctic

Biome map 06

Larix laricina

Fagerfjeliet

Iditarod National Historic Trail between Kaltag and Unalakleet

Subarctic refers to a region in the Northern Hemisphere immediately south of the true Arctic. The subarctic zone is characterized by cold, typically snowy winters, and mild summers. This region experiences the taiga or boreal forest biome and has significant biodiversity, especially in terms of flora and fauna adapted to its unique climatic conditions.

Climate

The subarctic climate, classified under the Köppen climate classification as Dfc, Dwc, Dsc (cold summers) and Dfd, Dwd, Dsd (extremely cold winters), is distinguished by long, usually very cold winters, and short, cool to mild summers. Precipitation is relatively low, mostly in the form of snow, which is why the subarctic is often associated with large expanses of boreal forests, also known as taiga, which rely on the snowmelt for much of their water supply.

Geography

Subarctic regions are found mainly in the northern parts of North America and Eurasia. In North America, this includes parts of Alaska, Canada, and the northernmost parts of the United States. In Eurasia, it stretches across Norway, Sweden, Finland, Russia, and parts of Kazakhstan and Mongolia. These areas are less densely populated due to the harsh living conditions, with communities often relying on hunting, fishing, and forestry.

Flora and Fauna

The dominant vegetation in the subarctic is the boreal forest, which is home to a variety of coniferous trees such as spruces, pines, and larches. These forests are crucial carbon sinks and play a significant role in the global climate system. The fauna is diverse, including species well adapted to cold environments, such as the moose, gray wolf, brown bear, and numerous bird species like the snowy owl and the raven.

Human Settlement

Human activity in the subarctic is varied, ranging from indigenous communities who have adapted their lifestyles to the harsh climate over thousands of years, to modern cities like Fairbanks, Alaska, and Norilsk, Russia, which are centers of mining and other industries. Traditional activities such as reindeer herding in Scandinavia and Russia, and the trapping and fishing in North America, are still important.

Challenges

The subarctic, like many other regions, faces several challenges, including climate change, which is causing temperatures to rise at a rate twice as fast as the global average. This has significant implications for the permafrost, wildlife, and local communities. Industrial development, particularly mining and oil extraction, poses risks to the delicate ecological balance.

Conservation

Efforts to conserve the subarctic environment include the establishment of protected areas such as national parks and wildlife reserves. These efforts aim to preserve the unique ecosystems and biodiversity of the subarctic while allowing for sustainable use and enjoyment by future generations.