Transplacental infections

Transplacental infections, also known as congenital infections, are infections that can be transmitted from a pregnant woman to her fetus through the placenta. This transmission can occur in various stages of pregnancy and can lead to a range of outcomes from asymptomatic infection to severe neonatal disease and birth defects.

Causes

Transplacental infections are caused by a variety of pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, and parasites. The most common pathogens associated with these infections are grouped under the acronym TORCH, which stands for Toxoplasmosis, Other (such as Syphilis, Varicella-Zoster Virus, HIV, and Parvovirus B19), Rubella, Cytomegalovirus, and Herpes Simplex Virus.

Transmission

The transmission of transplacental infections can occur at any stage of pregnancy. The risk and severity of fetal infection depend on the gestational age at the time of maternal infection. In general, the risk of transmission is higher in the third trimester, but the risk of severe disease is higher when infection occurs in the first trimester.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of transplacental infections can be challenging. It often involves a combination of maternal history, serologic testing, ultrasound findings, and, in some cases, more invasive procedures such as amniocentesis or cordocentesis.

Treatment and Prevention

Treatment of transplacental infections depends on the specific pathogen involved. It may involve antibiotics, antiviral drugs, or other therapies. Prevention strategies include routine prenatal screening, vaccination, and treatment of maternal infection.

Impact

Transplacental infections can have a significant impact on both the mother and the fetus. They can lead to preterm birth, low birth weight, and various neonatal complications. In some cases, they can also lead to long-term health problems for the child, such as hearing loss, vision problems, and neurodevelopmental disorders.