Upper respiratory tract infection

Upper Respiratory Tract Infection

Diagram of the conducting passages of the respiratory system

An upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) is an illness caused by an acute infection that involves the upper respiratory tract, including the nose, sinuses, pharynx, or larynx. This type of infection is commonly referred to as the common cold, although it can encompass a variety of other conditions such as sinusitis, pharyngitis, and laryngitis.

Symptoms

Common symptoms of a cold

The symptoms of an upper respiratory tract infection can vary depending on the specific area affected and the causative agent. Common symptoms include:

• Cough
• Sore throat
• Runny nose
• Nasal congestion
• Sneezing
• Fever
• Headache
• Fatigue

These symptoms are typically self-limiting and resolve within a week to ten days. However, complications can occur, especially in individuals with weakened immune systems.

Causes

Upper respiratory tract infections are primarily caused by viruses, with the most common being the rhinovirus. Other viral agents include coronavirus, adenovirus, and influenza virus. Bacterial infections are less common but can occur, often as secondary infections following a viral illness.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of an upper respiratory tract infection is usually based on clinical symptoms and physical examination. Laboratory tests are not typically required unless a bacterial infection is suspected, in which case a throat culture or rapid antigen detection test may be performed.

Treatment

Treatment for upper respiratory tract infections is generally supportive. This includes:

• Rest
• Hydration
• Over-the-counter medications such as analgesics and antipyretics
• Decongestants and antihistamines for symptomatic relief

Antibiotics are not effective against viral infections and are only prescribed if a bacterial infection is confirmed.

Epidemiology

Global deaths from upper respiratory infections per million persons (2012)

Upper respiratory tract infections are among the most common illnesses worldwide, affecting people of all ages. They are a leading cause of absenteeism from work and school. The incidence of these infections is higher in children due to their developing immune systems and frequent exposure to other children.

Disability-adjusted life years (DALY) for upper respiratory infections per 100,000 inhabitants (2002)

Prevention

Preventive measures include:

• Frequent hand washing
• Avoiding close contact with infected individuals
• Maintaining a healthy lifestyle to support the immune system
• Vaccination against influenza and other preventable diseases

Related Pages

• Common cold
• Influenza
• Sinusitis
• Pharyngitis
• Laryngitis