Upper respiratory infection

An upper respiratory infection (URI), also known as the common cold, is an infectious process that primarily affects the upper respiratory tract, which includes the nose, paranasal sinuses, pharynx, larynx, and trachea. URIs are among the most common illnesses leading to doctor visits and missed days from work or school.

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Causes

Upper respiratory infections can be caused by a multitude of different viruses, with the rhinovirus being the most common. Other causative viruses include the coronavirus, adenovirus, influenza virus, and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). On rare occasions, bacteria such as Streptococcus pneumoniae or Haemophilus influenzae can cause URIs.

Transmission

These infections are typically spread from person to person through droplets in the air when an infected person coughs or sneezes. They can also be spread by touching a surface contaminated with these droplets and then touching the mouth or nose.

Symptoms

The typical symptoms of an upper respiratory infection include nasal congestion, sneezing, coughing, fever, and sore throat. Additional symptoms can include headache, fatigue, and a general feeling of being unwell.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of an upper respiratory infection is typically made based on the patient's symptoms and physical examination findings. In most cases, laboratory tests are not necessary. However, if the illness is severe or prolonged, or if a specific diagnosis is required, laboratory tests or imaging studies may be performed.

Treatment

There is no cure for a viral upper respiratory infection, and antibiotics are not effective against viruses. Treatment is therefore mainly supportive, aimed at relieving symptoms. This can include rest, hydration, over-the-counter cold remedies to alleviate symptoms such as congestion and cough, and pain relievers for discomfort or fever.

Prevention

Prevention of upper respiratory infections primarily involves good hygiene practices. This includes frequent hand washing, avoiding close contact with sick individuals, not touching the face with unwashed hands, and covering the mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing.

Conclusion

Upper respiratory infections are a common and typically self-limiting condition. Understanding the causes, symptoms, and appropriate treatment strategies can help to manage these infections effectively and prevent their spread.

References

Upper respiratory infection Resources
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Upper respiratory infection Resources
Latest articles Most recent articles Ongoing trials	Wikipedia