Urinate

Urination is the release of urine from the urinary bladder through the urethra to the outside of the body. It is a vital part of the body's waste disposal and water regulation systems.

Physiology

Urination is a complex process controlled by muscles of the bladder and sphincter mechanism and by modulatory centers in the central and peripheral nervous systems. The detrusor muscle of the bladder wall contracts, the sphincter muscles relax and urine is expelled from the body through the urethra.

Frequency and volume

The typical human bladder reaches its capacity between 300 and 500 milliliters. The exact amount of urine a person produces depends on a number of factors, including the amount of fluid a person consumes and the amount of fluid lost through sweat and breathing.

In other animals

Many animals excrete urine in different ways. For example, cats and dogs mark their territory with urine. Some birds and reptiles excrete a white, pasty substance that is a combination of urine and feces.

Health aspects

Changes in the frequency, volume, color, or smell of urine can be a sign of a medical condition. These changes can be caused by a wide range of conditions, including infection, inflammation, and other conditions affecting the kidneys, bladder, or prostate.

See also

• Urinary system
• Urinary incontinence
• Urinary tract infection
• Nocturia
• Polyuria

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