Ventricular flutter

Ventricular flutter is a rapid, life-threatening heart rhythm originating from the ventricles of the heart. This condition is characterized by a heart rate of 200 to 250 beats per minute and a distinctive, smooth, sine-wave pattern on an electrocardiogram (ECG). Ventricular flutter is considered a medical emergency, as it can deteriorate rapidly into ventricular fibrillation, leading to sudden cardiac death if not treated promptly.

Causes[edit | edit source]

Ventricular flutter is most commonly caused by underlying heart disease, such as coronary artery disease, cardiomyopathy, or myocardial infarction. Other potential causes include electrolyte imbalances, particularly low potassium or magnesium levels, and the use of certain medications or recreational drugs that affect the heart's electrical activity.

Symptoms[edit | edit source]

Due to its rapid rate, ventricular flutter severely impairs the heart's ability to pump blood effectively, leading to reduced blood flow to vital organs. Symptoms may include:

Palpitations
Dizziness
Syncope (fainting)
Chest pain
Shortness of breath

Diagnosis[edit | edit source]

Diagnosis of ventricular flutter is primarily based on the findings of an ECG, which shows a characteristic smooth, undulating wave pattern without clearly visible QRS complexes or T waves. Additional tests, such as blood tests to check for electrolyte imbalances and imaging studies like echocardiography, may be performed to identify underlying causes and assess the heart's structure and function.

Treatment[edit | edit source]

Immediate treatment of ventricular flutter is critical and focuses on restoring a normal heart rhythm. This is typically achieved through electrical cardioversion, a procedure in which a controlled electric shock is delivered to the heart to reset its rhythm. In some cases, antiarrhythmic medications may also be used. Long-term management may involve the use of medications, lifestyle modifications, and possibly the implantation of a cardioverter-defibrillator to prevent recurrence.

Prevention[edit | edit source]

Preventing ventricular flutter involves managing underlying heart conditions and avoiding known triggers, such as certain medications and recreational drugs. Regular monitoring and treatment of electrolyte imbalances can also reduce the risk.

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Brown atrophy of the heart

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Keshan disease

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Loeffler endocarditis

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Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis

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