Anorectal disorder

Medical conditions affecting the anus and rectum

Anorectal disorders are a group of medical conditions that affect the anus and rectum. These disorders can cause a variety of symptoms, including pain, bleeding, and discomfort, and can significantly impact a person's quality of life. Common anorectal disorders include hemorrhoids, anal fissures, anorectal abscesses, and fistulas.

Anatomy of the Anorectal Region

Diagram of the human anus and surrounding structures.

The anorectal region comprises the distal part of the gastrointestinal tract, including the anus and rectum. The rectum is the final section of the large intestine, terminating at the anus, which is the opening through which feces are expelled from the body. The area is richly supplied with blood vessels and nerves, making it sensitive to pain and other sensations.

Common Anorectal Disorders

Hemorrhoids

Illustration of hemorrhoids.

Hemorrhoids are swollen veins in the lower rectum and anus, similar to varicose veins. They can be internal or external, depending on their location. Symptoms include bleeding, itching, and discomfort. Hemorrhoids are often caused by straining during bowel movements, obesity, or pregnancy.

Anal Fissures

Anal fissure as seen in a clinical examination.

An anal fissure is a small tear in the lining of the anus, which can cause pain and bleeding during bowel movements. Fissures are often the result of passing hard or large stools. They can be acute or chronic, with chronic fissures sometimes requiring surgical intervention.

Anorectal Abscesses

Diagram showing an anorectal abscess.

An anorectal abscess is a collection of pus in the tissue around the anus and rectum. It is usually caused by infection of the anal glands. Symptoms include severe pain, swelling, and fever. Treatment typically involves surgical drainage of the abscess.

Fistulas

An anorectal fistula is an abnormal connection between the epithelialized surface of the anal canal and the perianal skin. Fistulas often develop after an abscess has drained. They can cause persistent drainage and discomfort, and surgical treatment is often necessary.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of anorectal disorders typically involves a physical examination, which may include a digital rectal exam and anoscopy. Imaging studies such as ultrasound, MRI, or CT scans may be used to further evaluate the condition. In some cases, a colonoscopy may be performed to rule out other conditions.

Treatment

Treatment of anorectal disorders depends on the specific condition and its severity. Conservative treatments include dietary changes, increased fiber intake, and sitz baths. Medications such as topical anesthetics and anti-inflammatory agents may be used. In more severe cases, surgical intervention may be necessary.

Prevention

Preventive measures for anorectal disorders include maintaining a high-fiber diet, staying hydrated, and avoiding straining during bowel movements. Regular exercise and maintaining a healthy weight can also help reduce the risk of developing these conditions.

Related pages

• Gastroenterology
• Colorectal surgery
• Proctology