Anovulation

Anovulation is a condition in which the ovaries do not release an oocyte during a menstrual cycle. As a result, ovulation does not take place. Anovulation is a common cause of infertility and can be associated with various endocrine disorders.

Causes

Anovulation can be caused by a variety of factors, including:

• Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)
• Hyperprolactinemia
• Hypothyroidism
• Hyperthyroidism
• Primary ovarian insufficiency
• Obesity
• Extreme weight loss or eating disorders
• Stress

Symptoms

The primary symptom of anovulation is irregular menstrual cycles or the absence of menstruation (amenorrhea). Other symptoms may include:

• Heavy menstrual bleeding or menorrhagia
• Infertility
• Acne
• Hirsutism (excessive hair growth)
• Weight gain

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of anovulation typically involves a combination of:

• Medical history and physical examination
• Blood tests to measure hormone levels, including follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), prolactin, and thyroid hormones
• Ultrasound to examine the ovaries and endometrium
• Basal body temperature charting

Treatment

Treatment for anovulation depends on the underlying cause and may include:

• Lifestyle changes such as weight loss or gain, stress management, and dietary modifications
• Medications to induce ovulation, such as clomiphene citrate, letrozole, or gonadotropins
• Treatment of underlying conditions like thyroid disorders or hyperprolactinemia
• Surgery in cases of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) or other structural abnormalities

Prognosis

The prognosis for anovulation varies depending on the cause. Many women with anovulation can achieve pregnancy with appropriate treatment. However, some underlying conditions may require long-term management.

See also

• Ovulation
• Menstrual cycle
• Infertility
• Polycystic ovary syndrome
• Amenorrhea