Calcium pyrophosphate arthropathy

= Calcium Pyrophosphate Arthropathy= Calcium pyrophosphate arthropathy (CPPD) is a type of arthritis caused by the deposition of calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystals in the joints. This condition is also known as pseudogout due to its similarity to gout, although the underlying causes are different. CPPD can lead to joint inflammation, pain, and swelling, and is most commonly seen in older adults.

Pathophysiology

The pathophysiology of CPPD involves the deposition of calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystals in the cartilage and synovial fluid of joints. These crystals can trigger an inflammatory response, leading to the symptoms associated with the disease. The exact mechanism of crystal formation is not fully understood, but it is believed to be related to abnormalities in cartilage metabolism and mineralization.

Clinical Presentation

Patients with CPPD may present with a variety of symptoms, including:

• Acute joint pain and swelling, often in the knees, wrists, or ankles.
• Chronic joint pain and stiffness, which can mimic osteoarthritis.
• Redness and warmth over the affected joint.

Diagnosis

The diagnosis of CPPD is typically made based on clinical presentation and imaging studies. Key diagnostic tools include:

• X-ray: May show chondrocalcinosis, which is the calcification of cartilage.
• Ultrasound: Can detect crystal deposits in the joints.
• Joint aspiration: Analysis of synovial fluid can reveal the presence of calcium pyrophosphate crystals.

Treatment

Treatment for CPPD focuses on managing symptoms and may include:

• Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) to reduce pain and inflammation.
• Colchicine, which can help prevent acute attacks.
• Corticosteroid injections into the affected joint to reduce inflammation.
• Physical therapy to maintain joint function and mobility.

Prognosis

The prognosis for individuals with CPPD varies. Some patients experience only occasional flare-ups, while others may develop chronic arthritis. Management of the condition can help improve quality of life and reduce the frequency of acute attacks.

Epidemiology

CPPD is more common in older adults, with prevalence increasing with age. It is estimated to affect about 4% of the population over the age of 60. There is no significant gender predilection.

Related Conditions

CPPD is often associated with other conditions, such as:

• Osteoarthritis
• Gout
• Hyperparathyroidism
• Hemochromatosis

Research Directions

Current research on CPPD is focused on understanding the mechanisms of crystal formation and identifying potential targets for new therapies. Genetic studies are also being conducted to explore hereditary factors that may contribute to the disease.

See Also

• Gout
• Osteoarthritis
• Chondrocalcinosis

External Links

• [Arthritis Foundation](https://www.arthritis.org/)
• [National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases](https://www.niams.nih.gov/)

NIH genetic and rare disease info

• NIH info on Calcium pyrophosphate arthropathy

Calcium pyrophosphate arthropathy is a rare disease.