Cervical

Cervix

Latin	Cervix uteri
Nerve	Uterine plexus
System	Reproductive system

The cervix or cervix uteri is the lower part of the uterus in the female reproductive system. It connects the uterine cavity to the vagina, and functions as the passageway through which sperm travels to reach the uterus during fertilization, and through which a baby passes during childbirth.

Structure

The cervix is typically 2 to 3 cm long, and roughly cylindrical in shape, which can change during pregnancy. The cervical canal passes through the cervix and allows for the passage of menstrual fluid from the uterus into the vagina, and sperm into the uterus.

Zones

The cervix is divided into two main regions:

• Ectocervix - The portion of the cervix that projects into the vagina and is covered by stratified squamous epithelium.
• Endocervix - The canal of the cervix, lined with columnar epithelium.

The area where these two cell types meet is called the transformation zone, which is the most common site for the development of cervical cancer.

Function

The primary functions of the cervix include:

• Providing a passageway for sperm to enter the uterus.
• Acting as a barrier to protect the uterus from pathogens.
• Producing cervical mucus that changes consistency during the menstrual cycle to either facilitate or inhibit sperm transport.
• During childbirth, the cervix dilates widely to allow the baby to pass from the uterus into the vagina.

Clinical significance

1. 1. 1. Cervical Cancer

Cervical cancer is a significant health issue worldwide and is primarily caused by persistent infection with high-risk types of HPV. Regular Pap smear tests are recommended for women to detect precancerous changes in the cervix.

1. 1. 1. Cervical Insufficiency

Cervical insufficiency is a condition in which the cervix softens and dilates without contractions due to structural or functional weakness, leading to premature birth or loss of pregnancy.

See also

• Gynecology
• Obstetrics
• Pap smear
• Human papillomavirus