Cutis anserina

Cutis anserina

Cutis anserina, commonly known as "goosebumps" or "gooseflesh," is a physiological phenomenon characterized by the temporary erection of hair follicles, resulting in a bumpy appearance of the skin. This response is primarily triggered by cold temperatures or emotional stimuli such as fear or awe.

Physiology

Cutis anserina occurs due to the contraction of the arrector pili muscles, which are small muscles located at the base of hair follicles. When these muscles contract, they pull the hair follicles upright, causing the surrounding skin to form small bumps. This reaction is part of the autonomic nervous system response and is considered a vestigial reflex in humans.

Mechanism

The process begins when the body is exposed to cold or experiences a strong emotional reaction. The sympathetic nervous system is activated, releasing norepinephrine, which binds to receptors on the arrector pili muscles. This binding causes the muscles to contract, leading to the characteristic "goosebumps" appearance.

Evolutionary Perspective

In many animals, the erection of hair or feathers serves to increase insulation by trapping air, thus providing warmth. It can also make an animal appear larger to predators or rivals. In humans, however, the insulating effect is negligible due to the relative sparsity of body hair.

Clinical Significance

While cutis anserina is generally a benign and temporary condition, it can be associated with certain medical conditions. For example, it may be observed in hypothermia or as a response to certain medications or drugs. Persistent or inappropriate occurrences of cutis anserina may warrant further investigation.

Cultural References

The phenomenon of goosebumps is often referenced in literature and popular culture as a physical manifestation of strong emotions, such as fear, excitement, or awe. It is frequently used as a metaphor for the intensity of an experience.

Also see

• Piloerection
• Sympathetic nervous system
• Hypothermia
• Emotional response