Piloerection

Piloerection is a physiological phenomenon in which the body's hair or fur stands upright. This is often a response to cold or fear, but can also occur due to a variety of other stimuli. The term "piloerection" is derived from the Latin words "pilus" (hair) and "erectio" (rising up).

Causes

Piloerection is caused by the contraction of small muscles at the base of each hair known as arrector pili muscles. This contraction is triggered by the autonomic nervous system, which controls involuntary body functions such as heart rate and digestion.

Cold

In response to cold temperatures, the body attempts to minimize heat loss by causing the hairs to stand up, creating an insulating layer of air around the skin. This is a common response in many animals, including humans.

Fear

Piloerection can also occur as a response to fear or stress. This is often referred to as "goosebumps" or "hair standing on end". In animals, this can make them appear larger and more threatening to predators.

Other stimuli

Other stimuli that can cause piloerection include sexual arousal, music, and certain drugs such as amphetamines or opioids.

In animals

Many animals experience piloerection, including cats, dogs, and porcupines. In these animals, piloerection often serves a defensive purpose, making them appear larger and more threatening to potential predators.

In humans

In humans, piloerection is most commonly associated with the feeling of "goosebumps". This can occur in response to cold, fear, or other strong emotions. Some people may also experience piloerection in response to certain types of music or other stimuli.

See also

• Goose bumps
• Arrector pili muscle
• Autonomic nervous system

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