Hypereosinophilic syndrome
Hypereosinophilic syndrome is a disease characterized by a persistently elevated eosinophil count (≥ 1500 eosinophils/mm³) in the blood for at least six months without any recognizable cause, with involvement of either the heart, nervous system, or bone marrow.[1]
HES is a diagnosis of exclusion, after clonal eosinophilia (such as FIP1L1-PDGFRA-fusion induced hypereosinophelia and leukemia) and reactive eosinophilia (in response to infection, autoimmune disease, atopy, hypoadrenalism, tropical eosinophilia, or cancer) have been ruled out.[2][3]
There are some associations with chronic eosinophilic leukemia[4] as it shows similar characteristics and genetic defects.[5] If left untreated, HES is progressive and fatal. It is treated with glucocorticoids such as prednisone.[2] The addition of the monoclonal antibody mepolizumab may reduce the dose of glucocorticoids.[6]
Signs and symptoms[edit | edit source]
As HES affects many organs at the same time, symptoms may be numerous. Some possible symptoms a patient may present with include:
- Cardiomyopathy[4]
- Skin lesions[4]
- Thromboembolic disease[4]
- Pulmonary disease[4]
- Neuropathy[4]
- Hepatosplenomegaly[4]
- Reduced ventricular size[4]
- Atopic eczema
Diagnosis[edit | edit source]
Numerous techniques are used to diagnose hypereosinophilic syndrome, of which the most important is blood testing. In HES, the eosinophil count is greater than 1.5 × 109/L.[5] On some smears the eosinophils may appear normal in appearance, but morphologic abnormalities, such as a lowering of granule numbers and size, can be observed.[5] Roughly 50% of patients with HES also have anaemia.[5]
Secondly, various imaging and diagnostic technological methods are utilised to detect defects to the heart and other organs, such as valvular dysfunction and arrhythmias by usage of echocardiography.[5] Chest radiographs may indicate pleural effusions and/or fibrosis,[5] and neurological tests such as CT scans can show strokes and increased cerebrospinal fluid pressure.[5]
A proportion of patients have a mutation involving the PDGFRA and FIP1L1 genes on the fourth chromosome, leading to a tyrosine kinase fusion protein. Testing for this mutation is now routine practice, as its presence indicates response to imatinib, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor.[7]
Treatment[edit | edit source]
Treatment primarily consists of reducing eosinophil levels and preventing further damage to organs.[5] Corticosteroids, such as prednisone, are good for reducing eosinophil levels and antineoplastics are useful for slowing eosinophil production.[5] Surgical therapy is rarely utilised, however splenectomy can reduce the pain due to spleen enlargement.[5] If damage to the heart (in particular the valves), then prosthetic valves can replace the current organic ones.[5] Follow-up care is vital for the survival of the patient, as such the patient should be checked for any signs of deterioration regularly.[5] After promising results in drug trials (95% efficiency in reducing blood eosinophil count to acceptable levels) it is hoped that in the future hypereosinophilic syndrome, and diseases related to eosinophils such as asthma and eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis, may be treated with the monoclonal antibody mepolizumab currently being developed to treat the disease.[6] If this becomes successful, it may be possible for corticosteroids to be eradicated and thus reduce the amount of side effects encountered.[6]
Epidemiology[edit | edit source]
The European Medicines Agency (EMA) estimated the prevalence of HES at the time of granting orphan drug designation for HES in 2004 at 1.5 in 100,000 people, corresponding to a current prevalence of about 8,000 in the EU, 5,000 in the U.S., and 2,000 in Japan.[8]
Patients who lack chronic heart failure and those who respond well to prednisone or a similar drug have a good prognosis.[5] However, the mortality rate rises in patients with anaemia, chromosomal abnormalities or a very high white blood cell count.[5]
History[edit | edit source]
Hypereosinophilic syndrome was first described as a distinct entity by Hardy and Anderson in 1968.[9]
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑
- ↑ 2.0 2.1
- ↑
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7
- ↑ 5.00 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08 5.09 5.10 5.11 5.12 5.13 Rothenberg, Marc E. "Treatment of Patients with the Hypereosinophilic Syndrome with Mepolizumab". Retrieved 2008-03-17. Last updated: Updated: Oct 4, 2009 by Venkata Samavedi and Emmanuel C Besa
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2
- ↑
- ↑ European Medicines Agency, Committee for Orphan Medicinal Products. Public summary of opinion on orphan designation: mepolizumab for the treatment of hypereosinophilic syndrome. August 2010.
- ↑
External links[edit | edit source]
| Classification | |
|---|---|
| External resources |
- Hypereosinophilic Syndrome on patient.info
- Hypereosinophilic Syndrome on eMedicine
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