Lanthanide

Lanthanide (or lanthanoid) refers to the fifteen metallic chemical elements with atomic numbers 57 through 71, from lanthanum through to lutetium. These fifteen lanthanide elements, along with the chemically similar elements scandium and yttrium, are often collectively known as the rare earth elements.

Characteristics[edit | edit source]

The lanthanides are commonly known for their metallic properties, which are similar to other metals. They are highly reactive, and their reactivity increases with increasing atomic number. They are also known for their high melting and boiling points.

History[edit | edit source]

The lanthanides were first discovered in the early 19th century, with the discovery of cerium in 1803. The term "lanthanide" was first used in 1925 by the British chemist Charles James.

Applications[edit | edit source]

Lanthanides have a wide range of applications. They are used in the production of phosphors, which are used in television screens and fluorescent lamps. They are also used in the production of magnets, and in the manufacture of catalysts for the petroleum industry.

Health effects[edit | edit source]

While lanthanides are not generally considered to be particularly toxic, they can have adverse health effects if ingested or inhaled in large amounts. These can include damage to the liver and kidneys, and in extreme cases, death.

References[edit | edit source]

Group	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18
	Hydrogen & alkali metals	Alkaline earth metals											Triels	Tetrels	Pnictogens	Chalcogens	Halogens	Noble gases
Period 1	[[ hydrogen \|Hydrogen1H1.0080]]																	[[ helium \|Helium2He4.0026]]
2	[[ lithium \|Lithium3Li6.94]]	[[ beryllium \|Beryllium4Be9.0122]]											[[ boron \|Boron5B10.81]]	[[ carbon \|Carbon6C12.011]]	[[ nitrogen \|Nitrogen7N14.007]]	[[ oxygen \|Oxygen8O15.999]]	[[ fluorine \|Fluorine9F18.998]]	[[ neon \|Neon10Ne20.180]]
3	[[ sodium \|Sodium11Na22.990]]	[[ magnesium \|Magnesium12Mg24.305]]											[[ aluminium \|Aluminium13Al26.982]]	[[ silicon \|Silicon14Si28.085]]	[[ phosphorus\|Phosphorus15P30.974]]	[[ sulfur \|Sulfur16S32.06]]	[[ chlorine \|Chlorine17Cl35.45]]	[[ argon \|Argon18Ar39.95]]
4	[[ potassium \|Potassium19K39.098]]	[[ calcium \|Calcium20Ca40.078]]	[[ scandium \|Scandium21Sc44.956]]	[[ titanium \|Titanium22Ti47.867]]	[[ vanadium \|Vanadium23V50.942]]	[[ chromium \|Chromium24Cr51.996]]	[[ manganese \|Manganese25Mn54.938]]	[[ iron \|Iron26Fe55.845]]	[[ cobalt \|Cobalt27Co58.933]]	[[ nickel \|Nickel28Ni58.693]]	[[ copper \|Copper29Cu63.546]]	[[ zinc \|Zinc30Zn65.38]]	[[ gallium \|Gallium31Ga69.723]]	[[ germanium \|Germanium32Ge72.630]]	[[ arsenic \|Arsenic33As74.922]]	[[ selenium \|Selenium34Se78.971]]	[[ bromine \|Bromine35Br79.904]]	[[ krypton \|Krypton36Kr83.798]]
5	[[ rubidium \|Rubidium37Rb85.468]]	[[ strontium \|Strontium38Sr87.62]]	[[ yttrium \|Yttrium39Y88.906]]	[[ zirconium \|Zirconium40Zr91.224]]	[[ niobium \|Niobium41Nb92.906]]	[[ molybdenum\|Molybdenum42Mo95.95]]	[[ technetium\|Technetium43Tc[97]]]	[[ ruthenium \|Ruthenium44Ru101.07]]	[[ rhodium \|Rhodium45Rh102.91]]	[[ palladium \|Palladium46Pd106.42]]	[[ silver \|Silver47Ag107.87]]	[[ cadmium \|Cadmium48Cd112.41]]	[[ indium \|Indium49In114.82]]	[[ tin \|Tin50Sn118.71]]	[[ antimony \|Antimony51Sb121.76]]	[[ tellurium \|Tellurium52Te127.60]]	[[ iodine \|Iodine53I126.90]]	[[ xenon \|Xenon54Xe131.29]]
6	[[ caesium \|Caesium55Cs132.91]]	[[ barium \|Barium56Ba137.33]]	[[ lutetium \|Lutetium71Lu174.97]]	[[ hafnium \|Hafnium72Hf178.49]]	[[ tantalum \|Tantalum73Ta180.95]]	[[ tungsten \|Tungsten74W183.84]]	[[ rhenium \|Rhenium75Re186.21]]	[[ osmium \|Osmium76Os190.23]]	[[ iridium \|Iridium77Ir192.22]]	[[ platinum \|Platinum78Pt195.08]]	[[ gold \|Gold79Au196.97]]	[[ Mercury (element)\|Mercury80Hg200.59]]	[[ thallium \|Thallium81Tl204.38]]	[[ lead \|Lead82Pb207.2]]	[[ bismuth \|Bismuth83Bi208.98]]	[[ polonium \|Polonium84Po[209]]]	[[ astatine \|Astatine85At[210]]]	[[ radon \|Radon86Rn[222]]]
7	[[ francium \|Francium87Fr[223]]]	[[ radium \|Radium88Ra[226]]]	[[ lawrencium \|Lawrencium103Lr[266]]]	[[ rutherfordium\|Rutherfordium104Rf[267]]]	[[ dubnium \|Dubnium105Db[268]]]	[[ seaborgium \|Seaborgium106Sg[269]]]	[[ bohrium \|Bohrium107Bh[270]]]	[[ hassium \|Hassium108Hs[269]]]	[[ meitnerium \|Meitnerium109Mt[278]]]	[[ darmstadtium \|Darmstadtium110Ds[281]]]	[[ roentgenium \|Roentgenium111Rg[282]]]	[[ copernicium \|Copernicium112Cn[285]]]	[[ nihonium \|Nihonium113Nh[286]]]	[[ flerovium \|Flerovium114Fl[289]]]	[[ moscovium \|Moscovium115Mc[290]]]	[[ livermorium \|Livermorium116Lv[293]]]	[[ tennessine \|Tennessine117Ts[294]]]	[[ oganesson \|Oganesson118Og[294]]]

			[[ lanthanum \|Lanthanum57La138.91]]	[[ cerium \|Cerium58Ce140.12]]	[[ praseodymium\|Praseodymium59Pr140.91]]	[[ neodymium \|Neodymium60Nd144.24]]	[[ promethium \|Promethium61Pm[145]]]	[[ samarium \|Samarium62Sm150.36]]	[[ europium \|Europium63Eu151.96]]	[[ gadolinium \|Gadolinium64Gd157.25]]	[[ terbium \|Terbium65Tb158.93]]	[[ dysprosium \|Dysprosium66Dy162.50]]	[[ holmium \|Holmium67Ho164.93]]	[[ erbium \|Erbium68Er167.26]]	[[ thulium \|Thulium69Tm168.93]]	[[ ytterbium \|Ytterbium70Yb173.05]]
			[[ actinium \|Actinium89Ac[227]]]	[[ thorium \|Thorium90Th232.04]]	[[ protactinium\|Protactinium91Pa231.04]]	[[ uranium \|Uranium92U238.03]]	[[ neptunium \|Neptunium93Np[237]]]	[[ plutonium \|Plutonium94Pu[244]]]	[[ americium \|Americium95Am[243]]]	[[ curium \|Curium96Cm[247]]]	[[ berkelium \|Berkelium97Bk[247]]]	[[ californium \|Californium98Cf[251]]]	[[ einsteinium \|Einsteinium99Es[252]]]	[[ fermium \|Fermium100Fm[257]]]	[[ mendelevium\|Mendelevium101Md[258]]]	[[ nobelium \|Nobelium102No[259]]]

Primordial From decay Synthetic Border shows natural occurrence of the element

Standard atomic weight A_{r, std}(E)^[1]

Ca: 40.078

— Abridged value (uncertainty omitted here)^[2]

Po: [209] — mass number of the most stable isotope

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Lanthanide Resources
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↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named CIAAW2021

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[CIAAW2013-1] Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named CIAAW2013

[CIAAW2021-2] Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named CIAAW2021

[1]

[2]

v t e Chemical elements
Periodic table	Period 1 Period 2 Period 3 Period 4 Period 5 Period 6 Period 7 Period 8 (predicted)
By block	s-block p-block d-block f-block g-block (predicted)
By metallicity	Alkali metals Alkaline earth metals Lanthanides Actinides Transition metals Post-transition metals Metalloids Reactive nonmetals Noble gases Unknown chemical properties
Other	List of chemical elements List of chemical elements naming controversies List of scientists whose names are used in chemical element names List of places used in the names of chemical elements List of chemical element name etymologies History of the periodic table Discovery of the chemical elements
This Chemical elements related article is a stub.

Group	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18
	Hydrogen & alkali metals	Alkaline earth metals											Triels	Tetrels	Pnictogens	Chalcogens	Halogens	Noble gases
Period 1	[[ hydrogen \|Hydrogen1H1.0080]]																	[[ helium \|Helium2He4.0026]]
2	[[ lithium \|Lithium3Li6.94]]	[[ beryllium \|Beryllium4Be9.0122]]											[[ boron \|Boron5B10.81]]	[[ carbon \|Carbon6C12.011]]	[[ nitrogen \|Nitrogen7N14.007]]	[[ oxygen \|Oxygen8O15.999]]	[[ fluorine \|Fluorine9F18.998]]	[[ neon \|Neon10Ne20.180]]
3	[[ sodium \|Sodium11Na22.990]]	[[ magnesium \|Magnesium12Mg24.305]]											[[ aluminium \|Aluminium13Al26.982]]	[[ silicon \|Silicon14Si28.085]]	[[ phosphorus\|Phosphorus15P30.974]]	[[ sulfur \|Sulfur16S32.06]]	[[ chlorine \|Chlorine17Cl35.45]]	[[ argon \|Argon18Ar39.95]]
4	[[ potassium \|Potassium19K39.098]]	[[ calcium \|Calcium20Ca40.078]]	[[ scandium \|Scandium21Sc44.956]]	[[ titanium \|Titanium22Ti47.867]]	[[ vanadium \|Vanadium23V50.942]]	[[ chromium \|Chromium24Cr51.996]]	[[ manganese \|Manganese25Mn54.938]]	[[ iron \|Iron26Fe55.845]]	[[ cobalt \|Cobalt27Co58.933]]	[[ nickel \|Nickel28Ni58.693]]	[[ copper \|Copper29Cu63.546]]	[[ zinc \|Zinc30Zn65.38]]	[[ gallium \|Gallium31Ga69.723]]	[[ germanium \|Germanium32Ge72.630]]	[[ arsenic \|Arsenic33As74.922]]	[[ selenium \|Selenium34Se78.971]]	[[ bromine \|Bromine35Br79.904]]	[[ krypton \|Krypton36Kr83.798]]
5	[[ rubidium \|Rubidium37Rb85.468]]	[[ strontium \|Strontium38Sr87.62]]	[[ yttrium \|Yttrium39Y88.906]]	[[ zirconium \|Zirconium40Zr91.224]]	[[ niobium \|Niobium41Nb92.906]]	[[ molybdenum\|Molybdenum42Mo95.95]]	[[ technetium\|Technetium43Tc[97]]]	[[ ruthenium \|Ruthenium44Ru101.07]]	[[ rhodium \|Rhodium45Rh102.91]]	[[ palladium \|Palladium46Pd106.42]]	[[ silver \|Silver47Ag107.87]]	[[ cadmium \|Cadmium48Cd112.41]]	[[ indium \|Indium49In114.82]]	[[ tin \|Tin50Sn118.71]]	[[ antimony \|Antimony51Sb121.76]]	[[ tellurium \|Tellurium52Te127.60]]	[[ iodine \|Iodine53I126.90]]	[[ xenon \|Xenon54Xe131.29]]
6	[[ caesium \|Caesium55Cs132.91]]	[[ barium \|Barium56Ba137.33]]	[[ lutetium \|Lutetium71Lu174.97]]	[[ hafnium \|Hafnium72Hf178.49]]	[[ tantalum \|Tantalum73Ta180.95]]	[[ tungsten \|Tungsten74W183.84]]	[[ rhenium \|Rhenium75Re186.21]]	[[ osmium \|Osmium76Os190.23]]	[[ iridium \|Iridium77Ir192.22]]	[[ platinum \|Platinum78Pt195.08]]	[[ gold \|Gold79Au196.97]]	[[ Mercury (element)\|Mercury80Hg200.59]]	[[ thallium \|Thallium81Tl204.38]]	[[ lead \|Lead82Pb207.2]]	[[ bismuth \|Bismuth83Bi208.98]]	[[ polonium \|Polonium84Po[209]]]	[[ astatine \|Astatine85At[210]]]	[[ radon \|Radon86Rn[222]]]
7	[[ francium \|Francium87Fr[223]]]	[[ radium \|Radium88Ra[226]]]	[[ lawrencium \|Lawrencium103Lr[266]]]	[[ rutherfordium\|Rutherfordium104Rf[267]]]	[[ dubnium \|Dubnium105Db[268]]]	[[ seaborgium \|Seaborgium106Sg[269]]]	[[ bohrium \|Bohrium107Bh[270]]]	[[ hassium \|Hassium108Hs[269]]]	[[ meitnerium \|Meitnerium109Mt[278]]]	[[ darmstadtium \|Darmstadtium110Ds[281]]]	[[ roentgenium \|Roentgenium111Rg[282]]]	[[ copernicium \|Copernicium112Cn[285]]]	[[ nihonium \|Nihonium113Nh[286]]]	[[ flerovium \|Flerovium114Fl[289]]]	[[ moscovium \|Moscovium115Mc[290]]]	[[ livermorium \|Livermorium116Lv[293]]]	[[ tennessine \|Tennessine117Ts[294]]]	[[ oganesson \|Oganesson118Og[294]]]

			[[ lanthanum \|Lanthanum57La138.91]]	[[ cerium \|Cerium58Ce140.12]]	[[ praseodymium\|Praseodymium59Pr140.91]]	[[ neodymium \|Neodymium60Nd144.24]]	[[ promethium \|Promethium61Pm[145]]]	[[ samarium \|Samarium62Sm150.36]]	[[ europium \|Europium63Eu151.96]]	[[ gadolinium \|Gadolinium64Gd157.25]]	[[ terbium \|Terbium65Tb158.93]]	[[ dysprosium \|Dysprosium66Dy162.50]]	[[ holmium \|Holmium67Ho164.93]]	[[ erbium \|Erbium68Er167.26]]	[[ thulium \|Thulium69Tm168.93]]	[[ ytterbium \|Ytterbium70Yb173.05]]
			[[ actinium \|Actinium89Ac[227]]]	[[ thorium \|Thorium90Th232.04]]	[[ protactinium\|Protactinium91Pa231.04]]	[[ uranium \|Uranium92U238.03]]	[[ neptunium \|Neptunium93Np[237]]]	[[ plutonium \|Plutonium94Pu[244]]]	[[ americium \|Americium95Am[243]]]	[[ curium \|Curium96Cm[247]]]	[[ berkelium \|Berkelium97Bk[247]]]	[[ californium \|Californium98Cf[251]]]	[[ einsteinium \|Einsteinium99Es[252]]]	[[ fermium \|Fermium100Fm[257]]]	[[ mendelevium\|Mendelevium101Md[258]]]	[[ nobelium \|Nobelium102No[259]]]