Non-suicidal self-injury

Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI), also known as self-harm or self-injury, is the act of deliberately harming one's own body, such as cutting or burning oneself, without suicidal intent. The most common forms of NSSI involve cutting, burning, hitting oneself, interfering with wound healing, and hair pulling. These behaviors are performed for various reasons, including coping with emotional pain, stress, or frustration. NSSI is a complex behavior that is often misunderstood and stigmatized.

Definition and Classification

NSSI is defined as the deliberate, self-inflicted damage of body tissue without suicidal intent and for purposes not socially sanctioned. This behavior is a significant issue among adolescents and young adults, though it can occur at any age. NSSI is classified in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) under the category of "Non-Suicidal Self-Injury Disorder," which is a condition for further study.

Etiology

The etiology of NSSI is multifactorial, involving a combination of genetic, psychological, and environmental factors. Emotional dysregulation, a core component of many psychological disorders, is a significant risk factor for NSSI. Individuals who engage in self-injury often report doing so as a means to relieve, express, or escape from intense emotional pain or discomfort. Trauma, abuse, and neglect during childhood are also significant risk factors for the development of NSSI behaviors.

Prevalence

NSSI is most prevalent among adolescents and young adults, with studies indicating that approximately 15-20% of adolescents report having engaged in self-injury at least once. The prevalence of NSSI decreases with age, but it remains a concern among older adults as well.

Treatment

Treatment for NSSI typically involves psychotherapy, with cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) being the most commonly recommended approach. Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT), a form of CBT designed specifically for individuals with borderline personality disorder, has also been found effective in treating NSSI. Medication may be used to treat underlying mental health conditions, such as depression or anxiety, which can contribute to self-injurious behavior.

Prognosis

With appropriate treatment, individuals who engage in NSSI can learn healthier coping mechanisms and reduce or eliminate their self-injurious behaviors. However, the prognosis varies depending on the individual's circumstances, including the presence of co-occurring mental health disorders, the level of social support, and the individual's motivation to change.

See Also

• Mental health
• Coping (psychology)
• Emotional dysregulation
• Borderline personality disorder