Obstruct

Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) is a common sleep disorder characterized by repeated episodes of complete or partial obstructions of the upper airway during sleep. These episodes are often associated with a reduction in blood oxygen saturation and are usually terminated by a brief arousal from sleep.

Causes

OSA is caused by the collapse of the airway during sleep. This can occur due to several factors, including obesity, large tonsils, endocrine disorders, neuromuscular disorders, heart or kidney failure, certain genetic syndromes, and premature birth.

Symptoms

Common symptoms of OSA include loud snoring, restless sleep, and sleepiness during the daytime. Diagnostic tests include overnight polysomnography, home sleep studies, and the use of questionnaires.

Treatment

Treatment often starts with behavioral therapy. This may involve weight loss if needed, avoidance of alcohol and sleeping pills, changing sleep positions to improve breathing, and quitting smoking. If these measures are not enough, continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), a type of positive airway pressure ventilator, may be used. Other treatments may include bilevel positive airway pressure (BPAP) or a device to open the airway with a small electrical current. Surgery may also be an option.

Epidemiology

OSA affects between 1 and 6% of adults and 2% of children. It is more common in men than women. It affects people of all ages, including children, but is more common in those over 40 years old.

See also

• Sleep disorder
• Polysomnography
• Continuous positive airway pressure