Paraganglia

Paraganglia are small groups of cells that are found near nerve cell clusters (ganglia) and are involved in the autonomic nervous system. They are derived from the neural crest cells and are found throughout the body. Paraganglia can be classified into two types: chromaffin (secrete adrenaline and noradrenaline) and non-chromaffin (secrete acetylcholine).

Structure

Paraganglia are found near the adrenal glands, along the sympathetic chain, and in the head and neck region. They are composed of chief cells (also known as type I cells) and sustentacular cells (type II cells). The chief cells are responsible for the production of neurotransmitters, while the sustentacular cells provide support and are involved in the uptake and storage of these neurotransmitters.

Function

The primary function of paraganglia is to secrete neurotransmitters. The chromaffin cells secrete adrenaline and noradrenaline, which are involved in the body's response to stress. The non-chromaffin cells secrete acetylcholine, which is involved in the regulation of heart rate, digestion, and other bodily functions.

Clinical significance

Abnormalities in paraganglia can lead to a variety of medical conditions. For example, paraganglioma is a rare type of tumor that arises from the paraganglia. These tumors can be benign or malignant and can cause a variety of symptoms depending on their location and the type of neurotransmitters they produce.

See also

• Neuroendocrine tumor
• Pheochromocytoma
• Multiple endocrine neoplasia

References

Paraganglia Resources
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