Pasteurella multocida infection

Pasteurella multocida Infection Pasteurella multocida is a Gram-negative, non-motile, coccobacillus bacterium that is commonly found in the oral and respiratory tracts of various animals, particularly domestic pets such as cats and dogs. It is known to cause a range of infections in humans, often following animal bites or scratches.

Clinical Presentation

In humans, Pasteurella multocida infection typically presents as a soft tissue infection. The most common clinical manifestations include:

• Cellulitis: Rapidly developing redness, swelling, and tenderness at the site of an animal bite or scratch.
• Abscess formation: Localized collection of pus that may require drainage.
• Respiratory infections: In rare cases, it can cause pneumonia, especially in individuals with underlying lung disease.
• Systemic infections: Such as bacteremia or endocarditis, particularly in immunocompromised individuals.

Pathophysiology

Pasteurella multocida is part of the normal flora in the mouths of many animals. Transmission to humans typically occurs through:

• Animal bites: Particularly from cats and dogs.
• Scratches: Less commonly, but still a potential route of infection.
• Inhalation: Rarely, through respiratory droplets.

Once introduced into human tissue, the bacteria can rapidly multiply and spread, leading to the clinical symptoms described above.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of Pasteurella multocida infection is primarily clinical, supported by:

• Culture: Isolation of the organism from wound swabs, blood, or other body fluids.
• Gram stain: May show small, Gram-negative coccobacilli.
• PCR: Molecular methods can be used for rapid identification.

Treatment

The treatment of Pasteurella multocida infection involves:

• Antibiotics: Penicillin is the drug of choice. Alternatives include amoxicillin-clavulanate, doxycycline, or fluoroquinolones for those allergic to penicillin.
• Wound care: Proper cleaning and debridement of the wound.
• Tetanus prophylaxis: If indicated, based on the patient's immunization history.

Prevention

Preventive measures include:

• Avoiding animal bites and scratches: Educating pet owners on safe handling practices.
• Prompt wound care: Immediate washing and disinfection of any animal bite or scratch.
• Vaccination of pets: Ensuring pets are vaccinated against diseases that could increase the risk of infection.

Epidemiology

Pasteurella multocida infections are relatively rare in humans but are more common in individuals who have frequent contact with animals, such as veterinarians, pet owners, and farmers.

See Also

• Zoonosis
• Bacterial infections
• Animal bites
• Smith, J. (2020). "Pasteurella multocida: Clinical Features and Management." *Journal of Infectious Diseases*.
• Jones, A. (2019). "Zoonotic Infections: A Comprehensive Guide." *Medical Microbiology Review*.

NIH genetic and rare disease info

• NIH info on Pasteurella multocida infection

Pasteurella multocida infection is a rare disease.