Seoul virus

Brown rat, a common carrier of Seoul virus

The Seoul virus is a member of the Hantavirus genus, which is part of the Bunyavirales order. It is an RNA virus that primarily infects rodents, particularly the Norway rat (Rattus norvegicus) and the black rat (Rattus rattus). The virus is named after Seoul, the capital city of South Korea, where it was first identified.

Virology

Seoul virus is an enveloped virus with a single-stranded, negative-sense RNA genome. The genome is segmented into three parts: the small (S), medium (M), and large (L) segments. These segments encode the nucleocapsid protein, glycoproteins, and the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, respectively. The virus is transmitted to humans through contact with infected rodent excreta, such as urine, droppings, or saliva.

Epidemiology

Seoul virus is found worldwide, particularly in urban areas where rodent populations are dense. Human infections have been reported in Asia, Europe, and the Americas. The virus is endemic in rodent populations, and human cases are often associated with exposure to rodent-infested environments.

Clinical Features

In humans, Seoul virus infection can cause a mild to moderate form of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS). Symptoms typically include fever, headache, back pain, abdominal pain, and renal dysfunction. In severe cases, it can lead to acute kidney injury. The disease is rarely fatal, but it can cause significant morbidity.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of Seoul virus infection is based on clinical presentation and laboratory testing. Serological tests, such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), can detect antibodies against the virus. Molecular techniques, such as reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), can identify viral RNA in blood or tissue samples.

Prevention and Control

Black rat, another carrier of Seoul virus

Preventing Seoul virus infection involves controlling rodent populations and minimizing human exposure to rodents and their excreta. Measures include sealing entry points to buildings, maintaining clean environments to deter rodent habitation, and using traps or rodenticides where necessary. Personal protective equipment should be used when handling rodents or cleaning areas with rodent droppings.

Related Pages

• Hantavirus
• Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome
• Norway rat
• Black rat