Shoulder pad sign

Shoulder Pad Sign 2

Shoulder Pad Sign is a clinical finding primarily associated with Subdural Hematoma (SDH), a type of intracranial hemorrhage that occurs beneath the dura mater, the outermost, tough layer covering the brain. This sign is indicative of an increase in intracranial pressure (ICP) and is characterized by the unilateral enlargement of a shoulder, giving the appearance similar to wearing a single shoulder pad. It is important in the field of neurology and neurosurgery for the diagnosis and management of conditions leading to increased ICP.

Etiology

The Shoulder Pad Sign is most commonly associated with chronic subdural hematomas. These hematomas are typically the result of minor head injuries that may have been overlooked or forgotten, especially in the elderly population. The accumulation of blood in the subdural space leads to increased pressure within the skull, which can manifest externally as the Shoulder Pad Sign. This sign can also be seen in other conditions that cause significant lymphadenopathy or soft tissue swelling around the clavicle or shoulder region, such as lymphoma, advanced infections, or other masses.

Clinical Presentation

Patients presenting with the Shoulder Pad Sign may also exhibit other symptoms of increased intracranial pressure such as headache, vomiting, altered level of consciousness, and papilledema - swelling of the optic disc. The unilateral enlargement of the shoulder is typically non-painful and may be more noticeable on visual inspection rather than physical discomfort. It is crucial for healthcare providers to recognize this sign as part of a comprehensive neurological examination, as it may be the key to diagnosing underlying intracranial pathology.

Diagnosis

The diagnosis of conditions associated with the Shoulder Pad Sign involves a thorough clinical evaluation followed by imaging studies. Computed Tomography (CT) scans and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) of the head are the primary modalities used to visualize subdural hematomas or other causes of increased ICP. These imaging techniques can provide detailed information about the location, size, and potential effects of the hematoma on surrounding brain structures.

Treatment

Treatment of a subdural hematoma and other conditions presenting with the Shoulder Pad Sign depends on the severity of the symptoms and the size of the hematoma. Management may range from conservative observation for small, asymptomatic hematomas to surgical intervention for larger or symptomatic cases. Surgical options include burr hole drainage, craniotomy, or craniectomy to remove the hematoma and reduce intracranial pressure. In cases where the Shoulder Pad Sign is due to causes other than subdural hematoma, treatment focuses on the underlying condition.

Prognosis

The prognosis for patients with the Shoulder Pad Sign varies depending on the underlying cause, the size of the hematoma, the patient's age, and their overall health status. Early detection and appropriate management are crucial for a favorable outcome. Chronic subdural hematomas have a good prognosis if treated promptly, but the risk of recurrence exists.