Spastic diplegia infantile type

Spastic Diplegia, Infantile Type is a neurological condition that falls under the broader category of Cerebral Palsy. It is characterized by muscle stiffness (spasticity) predominantly affecting the lower limbs, though upper body involvement can also be present to a lesser degree. This condition is also known as Little's Disease, named after the British surgeon William John Little, who first described the disorder in the 19th century.

Etiology and Pathophysiology

Spastic diplegia arises from damage to or developmental anomalies in the brain's motor cortex and the pyramidal tracts that descend to the spinal cord, which are responsible for voluntary movement control. The exact cause of the brain abnormalities associated with spastic diplegia is not always clear, but factors may include genetic predisposition, premature birth, low birth weight, and incidents of asphyxia before or during birth.

Clinical Features

Individuals with spastic diplegia exhibit a unique gait pattern often described as "scissoring" due to the tightness of the hip adductors which causes the legs to pull together. Other symptoms include muscle stiffness, difficulty with balance and coordination, and in some cases, joint deformities. Despite the physical challenges, intelligence and cognitive abilities are typically unaffected.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of spastic diplegia involves a thorough medical history and physical examination, focusing on the individual's motor skills and muscle tone. Imaging studies such as Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) of the brain may be utilized to identify any abnormalities or damage to the white matter, known as periventricular leukomalacia, which is commonly associated with the condition.

Treatment

While there is no cure for spastic diplegia, treatment is aimed at improving symptoms and enhancing quality of life. This may include physical therapy, occupational therapy, and the use of orthotic devices to support mobility. In some cases, medications to manage spasticity or surgical interventions to correct muscle contractures and improve gait may be recommended.

Prognosis

The prognosis for individuals with spastic diplegia varies depending on the severity of symptoms and the effectiveness of management strategies. Many individuals are able to lead active, fulfilling lives with appropriate support and interventions.

See Also

• Cerebral Palsy
• Physical Therapy
• Occupational Therapy
• Orthotics