Spinal disc herniation

Spinal Disc Herniation, also known as a slipped or ruptured disc, is an injury that affects the cushioning and connective tissue between the vertebrae. It is often a result of excessive strain or trauma to the spine.

Causes

Spinal disc herniation typically arises due to:

• Excessive Strain: Heavy lifting, particularly when it involves twisting or turning, can put too much pressure on the spine, leading to herniation.
• Trauma: Accidents and injuries can cause instant herniation.
• Ageing: With age, discs lose their flexibility, elasticity, and shock-absorbing characteristics, making them more susceptible to herniation even after minor strain or twist.

Symptoms

Spinal disc herniation may lead to:

• Back pain: This is often the first symptom and may be localized to the spine or radiate to other parts of the body.
• Nerve pain: If the herniation compresses a spinal nerve, the pain may radiate down into your buttocks and legs, or even into your arms.
• Sensory changes: Tingling, numbness, or weakness can occur in the area of the body served by the affected nerves.
• Physical disability: In severe cases, herniation can cause significant limitations in movement and function.

Diagnosis

The most definitive diagnostic tool for disc herniation is Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). This type of imaging can reveal the position and size of the herniation, and whether it is pressing on any nerves.

Treatment

The treatment of spinal disc herniation can range from conservative to surgical methods:

• Pain Management: This is usually the first step and may involve painkillers, anti-inflammatory drugs, or steroids.
• Physical Therapy: A physical therapist can provide exercises and stretches that relieve pressure on the nerve and can strengthen the muscles supporting the back.
• Surgery: In severe cases, when conservative treatments are not effective, surgery may be necessary to remove or repair the herniated disc.

Prevention

Protection from disc herniation is best provided by maintaining core strength and being mindful of body mechanics, such as maintaining correct posture when sitting and lifting.

References

• Lequin, M. B., Verbaan, D., Jacobs, W. C., Brand, R., Bouma, G. J., Vandertop, W. P., & Peul, W. C. (2013). Surgery versus prolonged conservative treatment for sciatica: 5-year results of a randomised controlled trial. BMJ open, 3(5), e002534.
• Chou, R., Qaseem, A., Snow, V., Casey, D., Cross, J. T., Shekelle, P., & Owens, D. K. (2007). Diagnosis and treatment of low back pain: a joint clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians and the American Pain Society. Annals of internal medicine, 147(7), 478-491.

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