Urinary tract obstruction

Urinary tract obstruction is a medical condition that affects the normal flow of urine through the urinary tract. It can occur at any point in the urinary tract, from the kidneys to the urethra. The obstruction can be partial or complete, and it can be acute or chronic.

Causes

Urinary tract obstruction can be caused by a variety of factors. These include:

• Kidney stones: These are hard deposits of minerals and salts that form inside the kidneys. They can cause obstruction when they move from the kidneys into the ureters.
• Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH): This is a condition in which the prostate gland, which is located below the bladder in men, becomes enlarged. This can cause obstruction of the urethra.
• Tumors: Both benign and malignant tumors in the urinary tract can cause obstruction.
• Urethral stricture: This is a narrowing of the urethra, often caused by inflammation or scar tissue.
• Pelvic organ prolapse: In women, the bladder, uterus, or rectum can drop into the vagina, causing obstruction.

Symptoms

The symptoms of urinary tract obstruction can vary depending on the location and severity of the obstruction. They may include:

• Pain in the lower back or abdomen
• Difficulty urinating or a decreased flow of urine
• Frequent urination or an urgent need to urinate
• Blood in the urine
• Urinary tract infections

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of urinary tract obstruction typically involves a physical examination and a review of the patient's medical history. Additional tests may include:

• Ultrasound: This imaging test uses sound waves to create pictures of the kidneys and bladder.
• Computed tomography (CT) scan: This imaging test provides detailed images of the urinary tract and can help identify the location and cause of the obstruction.
• Cystoscopy: This procedure involves inserting a thin, flexible tube with a camera into the urethra to examine the bladder and other parts of the urinary tract.

Treatment

Treatment for urinary tract obstruction depends on the cause and severity of the obstruction. It may include:

• Medication: For conditions like BPH, medication can help reduce the size of the prostate and relieve symptoms.
• Surgery: In some cases, surgery may be necessary to remove the obstruction. This could involve removing a kidney stone, tumor, or part of the prostate.
• Catheterization: A catheter may be inserted into the bladder to help drain urine.

See also

• Urinary system
• Kidney disease
• Urology

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