Ammonia poisoning

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  Diagram of the nitrogen cycle in an aquarium

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  Illustration of the nitrogen cycle in an aquarium

Ammonia Poisoning

Ammonia poisoning occurs when a person is exposed to excessive amounts of ammonia, a compound of nitrogen and hydrogen with the formula NH_. Ammonia is a colorless gas with a characteristic pungent smell and is commonly found in household cleaners, industrial applications, and as a byproduct of agricultural activities.

Causes

Ammonia poisoning can result from inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact with ammonia. Common sources of exposure include:

• Household cleaners: Many cleaning products contain ammonia, which can be harmful if inhaled or ingested.
• Industrial exposure: Workers in industries such as agriculture, refrigeration, and chemical manufacturing may be exposed to ammonia.
• Agricultural activities: Ammonia is used as a fertilizer and can be released into the air during its application.
• Accidental release: Spills or leaks from storage tanks or transportation accidents can lead to high levels of ammonia in the environment.

Symptoms

The symptoms of ammonia poisoning vary depending on the route of exposure and the concentration of ammonia. Common symptoms include:

• Respiratory distress: Coughing, wheezing, and difficulty breathing due to irritation of the respiratory tract.
• Eye irritation: Redness, tearing, and burning sensation in the eyes.
• Skin irritation: Redness, itching, and burns on the skin upon contact with liquid ammonia.
• Gastrointestinal symptoms: Nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain if ammonia is ingested.
• Neurological effects: Headache, dizziness, and confusion in severe cases.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of ammonia poisoning is based on the patient's history of exposure and clinical symptoms. Medical professionals may perform the following:

• Physical examination: To assess the extent of irritation and damage to the skin, eyes, and respiratory tract.
• Blood tests: To measure ammonia levels in the blood and assess the severity of poisoning.
• Pulmonary function tests: To evaluate respiratory function if inhalation exposure is suspected.

Treatment

Treatment for ammonia poisoning focuses on removing the source of exposure and providing supportive care:

• Decontamination: Remove contaminated clothing and wash affected skin with water.
• Oxygen therapy: Administer oxygen to patients with respiratory distress.
• Bronchodilators: Use medications to relieve bronchospasm and improve breathing.
• Intravenous fluids: Provide fluids to maintain hydration and support circulation.
• Symptomatic treatment: Address specific symptoms such as pain or nausea.

Prevention

Preventing ammonia poisoning involves minimizing exposure and implementing safety measures:

• Personal protective equipment: Use appropriate gear such as masks, gloves, and goggles when handling ammonia.
• Ventilation: Ensure adequate ventilation in areas where ammonia is used or stored.
• Training and education: Provide training for workers on the safe handling and storage of ammonia.
• Emergency preparedness: Develop and practice emergency response plans for ammonia spills or leaks.

Related Pages

• Chemical poisoning
• Occupational safety and health
• Toxicology
• Respiratory protection