Ammonia poisoning

Ammonia poisoning refers to the adverse effects that occur when a high concentration of ammonia enters the body and causes harm. Ammonia is a colorless gas with a characteristic pungent smell. It is used in various industrial processes, such as the production of fertilizers, plastics, and explosives. However, it can be toxic when inhaled, ingested, or comes into contact with skin and mucous membranes.

Causes

Ammonia poisoning can occur through various routes of exposure. Inhalation of high concentrations of ammonia gas is the most common cause. This can happen in industrial settings where ammonia is used or produced. Other sources include household cleaners containing ammonia and agricultural environments, particularly in confined animal feeding operations where ammonia can accumulate from animal waste.

Symptoms

The symptoms of ammonia poisoning vary depending on the route of exposure and the concentration of ammonia involved. Inhalation of ammonia gas can lead to respiratory distress, including coughing, wheezing, and in severe cases, pulmonary edema. Contact with the skin or eyes can cause irritation, burns, and in severe cases, blindness. Ingestion of ammonia can damage the mouth, throat, and stomach, leading to nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain.

Treatment

Immediate treatment is crucial for ammonia poisoning. For inhalation exposure, moving the affected individual to fresh air is the first step. In cases of skin or eye contact, the affected areas should be rinsed with water for at least 15 minutes. Ingestion of ammonia requires immediate medical attention, and individuals should not induce vomiting unless directed by a healthcare professional. Treatment may also involve the administration of oxygen, bronchodilators, and in severe cases, intubation to support breathing.

Prevention

Preventing ammonia poisoning involves proper handling and storage of ammonia and ammonia-containing products. This includes using personal protective equipment (PPE) such as gloves, goggles, and respirators in industrial settings. Adequate ventilation is also crucial to prevent the accumulation of ammonia gas in enclosed spaces. Education and training on the risks of ammonia exposure and emergency response procedures can further reduce the risk of poisoning.