Anglo-Saxon

Anglo-Saxon refers to the early medieval inhabitants of England and their culture, which emerged from the migration of Germanic tribes to the island in the 5th and 6th centuries. The term is also used to describe the period in English history from the end of Roman Britain to the Norman Conquest in 1066.

History

The Anglo-Saxon period began after the decline of Roman rule in Britain. The Angles, Saxons, and Jutes were the primary tribes that settled in England. These tribes originated from what is now Germany, Denmark, and the Netherlands.

Migration and Settlement

The migration of these tribes led to the establishment of several kingdoms in England, including Wessex, Mercia, Northumbria, and East Anglia. These kingdoms often engaged in warfare with each other and with the native Britons.

Christianization

The conversion to Christianity began in the late 6th century with the mission of Augustine of Canterbury, who was sent by Pope Gregory the Great. The process of Christianization was gradual and varied across different regions.

Viking Invasions

From the late 8th century, the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms faced invasions from the Vikings. The Great Heathen Army arrived in 865 and conquered several kingdoms. The Danelaw was established in the eastern part of England, where Danish law and customs prevailed.

Unification and the Norman Conquest

The unification of England under a single ruler began with Alfred the Great of Wessex, who successfully defended his kingdom against the Vikings. His descendants continued the process of unification, culminating in the reign of Æthelstan, who is often considered the first King of England. The Anglo-Saxon period ended with the Norman Conquest in 1066, when William the Conqueror defeated Harold Godwinson at the Battle of Hastings.

Culture

Anglo-Saxon culture was characterized by its language, literature, art, and law.

Language

The Anglo-Saxon language, known as Old English, is the earliest form of the English language. It was a Germanic language with influences from Latin and Old Norse.

Literature

Anglo-Saxon literature includes works such as Beowulf, The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, and various poems and sermons. These texts provide valuable insights into the beliefs, values, and daily life of the Anglo-Saxons.

Art

Anglo-Saxon art is known for its intricate metalwork, manuscript illumination, and architecture. Notable examples include the Sutton Hoo treasure and the Lindisfarne Gospels.

Law

Anglo-Saxon law was based on customary law and was codified in various law codes. These laws covered a wide range of topics, including property rights, criminal justice, and family law.

Legacy

The Anglo-Saxon period had a lasting impact on English culture, language, and legal systems. Many modern English words and place names have Anglo-Saxon origins. The period also laid the foundation for the development of the English nation.

See also

• Anglo-Saxon England
• Anglo-Saxon art
• Anglo-Saxon law
• Old English literature
• Viking Age