Anovulatory

Anovulatory

Anovulation is a condition in which the ovaries do not release an oocyte during a menstrual cycle. Therefore, ovulation does not take place. This condition is a common cause of infertility and can be associated with various health issues.

Causes

Anovulation can be caused by a variety of factors, including:

• Hormonal Imbalances: Disorders such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), hyperprolactinemia, and thyroid dysfunction can disrupt the hormonal balance necessary for ovulation.
• Stress and Lifestyle Factors: High levels of stress, excessive exercise, and significant weight loss or gain can affect the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis, leading to anovulation.
• Age: As women age, particularly after the age of 35, the frequency of anovulatory cycles tends to increase.
• Medications: Certain medications, including some antipsychotics and chemotherapy drugs, can interfere with ovulation.

Symptoms

The primary symptom of anovulation is irregular or absent menstrual periods. Other symptoms may include:

• Amenorrhea (absence of menstruation)
• Oligomenorrhea (infrequent menstruation)
• Heavy or light menstrual bleeding
• Infertility

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of anovulation typically involves:

• Medical History and Physical Examination: A thorough history and physical exam can provide clues to the underlying cause.
• Blood Tests: Hormone levels, including FSH, LH, prolactin, and thyroid hormones, are often measured.
• Ultrasound: Pelvic ultrasound can help assess the ovaries and endometrial lining.
• Basal Body Temperature Charting: Tracking basal body temperature can help determine if ovulation is occurring.

Treatment

Treatment for anovulation depends on the underlying cause and may include:

• Lifestyle Modifications: Stress reduction, dietary changes, and weight management can help restore ovulation in some cases.
• Medications:

 * Clomiphene Citrate: Often used to induce ovulation in women with PCOS.
 * Metformin: Used in women with insulin resistance and PCOS.
 * Hormone Therapy: Such as gonadotropins or letrozole.

• Surgery: In some cases, surgical intervention may be necessary, such as ovarian drilling for PCOS.

Prognosis

The prognosis for women with anovulation varies depending on the cause. Many women can achieve regular ovulation and pregnancy with appropriate treatment.

Also see

• Menstrual cycle
• Ovulation
• Polycystic ovary syndrome
• Infertility
• Amenorrhea