Immune thrombocytopenic purpura

Immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is a disorder that can lead to easy or excessive bruising and bleeding. The bleeding results from unusually low levels of platelets — the cells that help blood clot.

Definition

Immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is a condition that causes a decrease in the number of platelets in the blood. Platelets are cells in the blood that help form clots to stop bleeding. In ITP, the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys platelets. This can lead to excessive bleeding and bruising.

Symptoms

Symptoms of ITP can vary greatly from person to person. Some people may have no symptoms at all, while others may experience:

• Easy or excessive bruising
• Superficial bleeding into the skin that appears as a rash of pinpoint-sized reddish-purple spots
• Prolonged bleeding from cuts
• Spontaneous bleeding from the gums or nose
• Blood in urine or stools
• Unusually heavy menstrual flow

Causes

The exact cause of ITP is unknown. It is thought to be an autoimmune disease, where the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells. In the case of ITP, the immune system targets platelets.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of ITP is based on a physical examination, medical history, and blood tests. The blood tests will check for low platelet count, which is a key indicator of ITP.

Treatment

Treatment for ITP is aimed at increasing the platelet count to a safe level, not necessarily to a normal level. Treatment options may include:

• Corticosteroids
• Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG)
• Drugs that boost platelet production
• Surgery to remove the spleen (splenectomy)

Prognosis

The prognosis for people with ITP varies. Some people may experience long periods of remission, while others may have persistent or recurrent symptoms.

See also

• Autoimmune diseases
• Platelets
• Bleeding disorders

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