Blood glucose level

Blood Glucose Level

Blood glucose level, also known as blood sugar level, refers to the concentration of glucose present in the blood. It is a critical aspect of metabolic homeostasis and is tightly regulated by the body. Maintaining blood glucose levels within a normal range is essential for health, as both high and low levels can lead to serious health complications.

Physiology

Glucose is a primary source of energy for the body's cells. It is obtained from the food we eat and is transported via the bloodstream to cells throughout the body. The regulation of blood glucose levels is primarily controlled by the hormones insulin and glucagon, which are produced by the pancreas.

• Insulin: Secreted by the beta cells of the pancreas, insulin facilitates the uptake of glucose into cells, particularly muscle and fat cells, and promotes the storage of glucose as glycogen in the liver.
• Glucagon: Secreted by the alpha cells of the pancreas, glucagon stimulates the conversion of glycogen back into glucose in the liver, releasing it into the bloodstream.

Normal Blood Glucose Levels

Blood glucose levels are measured in milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL) or millimoles per liter (mmol/L). Normal fasting blood glucose levels are typically between 70 to 99 mg/dL (3.9 to 5.5 mmol/L). Postprandial (after eating) levels should be less than 140 mg/dL (7.8 mmol/L).

Hyperglycemia

Hyperglycemia refers to elevated blood glucose levels. It is a hallmark of diabetes mellitus, a chronic condition characterized by impaired insulin secretion or action. Chronic hyperglycemia can lead to complications such as neuropathy, retinopathy, and nephropathy.

Hypoglycemia

Hypoglycemia is a condition where blood glucose levels fall below normal. It can cause symptoms such as shakiness, confusion, and in severe cases, loss of consciousness. Hypoglycemia is often a side effect of diabetes treatment, particularly with insulin or sulfonylureas.

Measurement

Blood glucose levels can be measured using a blood glucose meter, which provides a quick and accurate reading. Continuous glucose monitors (CGMs) are also available, providing real-time glucose readings and trends.

Management

Managing blood glucose levels involves a combination of lifestyle changes, such as diet and exercise, and medication. For individuals with diabetes, regular monitoring and insulin therapy may be necessary.

Also see

• Diabetes mellitus
• Insulin
• Glycogen
• Pancreas
• Metabolism

‎