Complications of diabetes mellitus

Complications of Diabetes Mellitus refers to the long-term health problems that can develop as a result of prolonged hyperglycemia (high blood sugar levels) in individuals with diabetes mellitus. These complications can affect multiple organ systems in the body, including the cardiovascular, nervous, renal, and visual systems.

Cardiovascular Complications

Cardiovascular disease is a major complication of diabetes mellitus and is the leading cause of early death among people with diabetes. High blood sugar levels can lead to the development of atherosclerosis, a condition in which fatty deposits build up inside the arteries, leading to coronary artery disease, heart attack, stroke, and peripheral vascular disease.

Nervous System Complications

Diabetic neuropathy is a type of nerve damage that can occur with diabetes. High blood sugar can injure nerve fibers throughout your body, but diabetic neuropathy most often damages nerves in your legs and feet. Symptoms can range from pain and numbness in the extremities to problems with the digestive system, urinary tract, blood vessels, and heart.

Renal Complications

Diabetic nephropathy (kidney disease) is a serious kidney-related complication of type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes. It is also called diabetic kidney disease. Diabetic nephropathy affects the ability of the kidneys to do their usual work of removing waste products and extra fluid from the body.

Visual Complications

Diabetic retinopathy is a diabetes complication that affects eyes. It's caused by damage to the blood vessels of the light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye (retina). At first, diabetic retinopathy may cause no symptoms or only mild vision problems. Eventually, it can cause blindness.

Prevention and Management

The risk of complications can be reduced through a combination of lifestyle modifications, such as a healthy diet and regular exercise, and medication to control blood sugar levels. Regular check-ups and screening for early signs of complications can also help to prevent or manage these conditions.