Elevated alpha-fetoprotein

Elevated alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) refers to higher than normal levels of alpha-fetoprotein in the blood. Alpha-fetoprotein is a protein produced mainly by the liver in a developing fetus. AFP levels are typically high in fetuses but decrease rapidly after birth. In adults, elevated AFP levels can be an indicator of certain health conditions, including liver disease, cancer, and other disorders.

Causes

Elevated AFP can be attributed to several conditions:

• Liver cancer or Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common cause of elevated AFP in adults.
• Testicular cancer and other germ cell tumors can also elevate AFP levels.
• Noncancerous liver conditions such as hepatitis and cirrhosis can lead to increased AFP.
• In pregnancy, high AFP levels can indicate certain conditions related to the health of the fetus, including neural tube defects and abdominal wall defects.

Diagnosis

The measurement of AFP levels is typically conducted through a blood test. Elevated AFP requires further investigation to determine the underlying cause. Diagnostic approaches may include:

• Imaging tests such as ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI to examine the liver and other organs.
• Biopsy of the liver or other tissues to check for the presence of cancer cells.
• In pregnant women, additional ultrasound examinations and possibly amniocentesis to assess fetal health.

Treatment

Treatment for elevated AFP depends on the underlying cause. Options may include:

• For liver cancer, treatments may involve surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or liver transplant.
• Testicular cancer may be treated with surgery, chemotherapy, or radiation therapy.
• Liver diseases such as hepatitis and cirrhosis may require medication and lifestyle changes.
• In pregnancy, management depends on the specific condition diagnosed and may involve specialized care or interventions before or after birth.

Prognosis

The outlook for individuals with elevated AFP levels varies widely depending on the cause. Early detection and treatment of the underlying condition are crucial for improving prognosis.

See also

• Liver function tests
• Tumor marker
• Pregnancy