Alcohol intoxication

Alcohol Intoxication

Symptoms of alcohol intoxication

Alcohol intoxication occurs when an individual consumes alcohol to the point where it affects their physical and mental functioning. It is a result of the depressant effects of alcohol on the central nervous system. This article provides detailed information about alcohol intoxication, its effects on the body and behavior, signs and symptoms, and potential risks.

Alcohol intoxication - disturbances in psychophysiological functions and responses as a result of - consumption of a beverage containing ethanol.

Effects

Alcohol, also known as ethanol, is a psychoactive substance that affects the brain and central nervous system. When consumed, alcohol has various effects on the body, including:

Depressant Effects: Alcohol acts as a central nervous system depressant, slowing down brain activity and impairing cognitive and motor functions. Euphoria and Relaxation: In lower doses, alcohol can induce feelings of euphoria, relaxation, and lowered inhibitions. Impaired Judgment and Coordination: Alcohol impairs judgment, decision-making abilities, and hand-eye coordination, increasing the risk of accidents and injuries. Reduced Inhibitions: Alcohol can lower inhibitions and lead to uninhibited behavior, which may have social and legal consequences. Negative Health Effects: Long-term excessive alcohol consumption can lead to various health problems, including liver damage, cardiovascular issues, and increased risk of certain cancers.

Binge drinking

• Binge drinking is the most common, costly, and deadly pattern of excessive alcohol use in the United States.
• Binge drinking is defined as consuming 5 or more drinks on an occasion for men or 4 or more drinks on an occasion for women.

Short-Term Health Risks

• Excessive alcohol use has immediate effects that increase the risk of many harmful health conditions.
• Injuries, such as motor vehicle crashes, falls, drownings, and burns.
• Violence, including homicide, suicide, sexual assault, and intimate partner violence.
• Alcohol poisoning, a medical emergency that results from high blood alcohol levels.
• Risky sexual behaviors, including unprotected sex or sex with multiple partners.
• Miscarriage and stillbirth or fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs) among pregnant women.

Long-Term Health Risks

• Over time, excessive alcohol use can lead to the development of chronic diseases and other serious problems including:
• High blood pressure, heart disease, stroke, liver disease, and digestive problems.
• Cancer of the breast, mouth, throat, esophagus, voice box, liver, colon, and rectum.
• Weakening of the immune system, increasing the chances of getting sick.
• Learning and memory problems, including dementia and poor school performance.
• Mental health problems, including depression and anxiety.
• Social problems, including family problems, job-related problems, and unemployment.
• Alcohol use disorders, or alcohol dependence.

Alcohol Overdose

• Continuing to drink despite clear signs of significant impairments can result in an alcohol overdose.
• An alcohol overdose occurs when there is so much alcohol in the bloodstream that areas of the brain controlling basic life-support functions—such as breathing, heart rate, and temperature control—begin to shut down.

Symptoms of alcohol overdose

• Symptoms of alcohol overdose include:
• mental confusion,
• difficulty remaining conscious,
• vomiting,
• seizure,
• trouble breathing,
• slow heart rate,
• clammy skin,
• dulled responses that prevents choking, and
• extremely low body temperature.
• Alcohol overdose can lead to permanent brain damage or death.

Diagnosis

• Blood alcohol level
• Check for other medications or drugs
• Check for liver function tests, kidney function test, electrolytes, thiamine and other vitamin deficiencies, pancreatic enzymes if there are signs or symptoms of pancreatitis

Treatment

• Treatment involves supportive care
• Acute alcohol poisoning is a medical emergency due to the risk of death from respiratory depression or aspiration of vomit if vomiting occurs while the person is unresponsive. Emergency treatment strives to stabilize and maintain an open airway and sufficient breathing, while waiting for the alcohol to metabolize.
• Treat low blood sugar, with intravenous sugar solutions as ethanol induced low blood sugar unresponsive to glucagon.

Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome

• Administer the vitamin thiamine to prevent Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome, which can cause a seizure
• Hemodialysis if the blood concentration is very high at >130 mmol/l (>600 mg/dL)[40]
• Provide oxygen therapy as needed via nasal cannula or non-rebreather mask.
• Additional medication may be indicated for treatment of nausea, tremor, and anxiety.

Prevention

Reducing the amount of alcohol consumed and avoiding situations that can lead to excessive drinking are necessary to prevent alcohol intoxication. In severe cases, alcohol intoxication may require medical intervention in addition to supportive care, such as hydration and monitoring of vital signs. Alcohol intoxication is a state of being under the influence of alcohol that can result in a variety of negative outcomes. Individuals who understand the physiology, symptoms, and consequences of alcohol intoxication can make more informed decisions about their drinking habits and seek assistance when necessary.

Alcohol Impaired Driving and the Law

Intoxication with alcohol can have legal consequences, such as driving while impaired, public intoxication, and alcohol-related crimes. In the majority of U.S. states, the legal limit for BAC while driving is 0.08%, and individuals found to have a BAC above this limit may face criminal charges. Alcohol intoxication is a common and potentially dangerous condition that can have a variety of negative effects on the individual and on society as a whole. Understanding the physiology, symptoms, and effects of alcohol intoxication, as well as assessment and management techniques, is essential for preventing and treating alcohol-related issues.

Risks and Complications

Alcohol intoxication poses several risks and potential complications:

Alcohol Poisoning: Consuming large quantities of alcohol in a short period can lead to alcohol poisoning, a life-threatening condition that requires immediate medical intervention. Impaired Judgment and Risky Behavior: Alcohol intoxication impairs judgment, increasing the likelihood of engaging in risky behaviors such as unprotected sex, driving under the influence, or aggressive actions. Accidents and Injuries: The impaired coordination and slowed reaction times associated with alcohol intoxication can contribute to accidents and injuries, including falls, car crashes, and other types of accidents. Legal Consequences: Engaging in illegal or socially unacceptable behavior while intoxicated can lead to legal issues, such as arrests, fines, or imprisonment. Long-term Health Effects: Consistently consuming excessive amounts of alcohol can result in chronic health problems, including liver disease, cardiovascular issues, and neurological damage.

Treatment and Prevention

Treating alcohol intoxication may involve supportive measures such as monitoring vital signs, providing hydration, and addressing any immediate complications. In severe cases, medical intervention may be necessary, including the administration of specific medications or intravenous fluids.

Preventing alcohol intoxication and its associated risks can be achieved through:

Moderate Consumption: Drinking in moderation, following recommended guidelines for alcohol consumption, and knowing personal limits. Designated Drivers: Planning ahead for safe transportation by assigning a designated driver or using alternative means of transportation. Educational Programs: Promoting awareness and education about responsible alcohol use, the effects of intoxication, and the potential risks involved. Support Networks: Encouraging individuals with alcohol-related problems to seek support from healthcare professionals, support groups, or counseling services.

Managing Alcohol Intoxication

When encountering a person who is intoxicated, it is important to handle the situation with care and take appropriate measures to ensure their safety. Here are some guidelines for managing alcohol intoxication:

1. Ensure Safety

The safety of the intoxicated person and those around them should be the primary concern. Take steps to prevent accidents or injuries by removing any potential hazards in the immediate environment. Provide a safe space for the person to rest and avoid situations that may exacerbate their intoxication, such as allowing them to operate machinery or drive a vehicle.

2. Monitor Vital Signs

Keep an eye on the person's vital signs, including their breathing, heart rate, and body temperature. If there are any signs of distress or medical complications, such as shallow breathing or a rapid heartbeat, seek immediate medical assistance. Alcohol intoxication can sometimes lead to serious health issues, including alcohol poisoning, which requires professional medical attention.

3. Hydration and Nutrition

Offer water or non-alcoholic beverages to help the intoxicated person stay hydrated. Alcohol can cause dehydration, so replenishing fluids can be beneficial. However, do not force them to drink if they are unable or unwilling to do so. Providing light snacks or easily digestible food can also help stabilize their blood sugar levels.

4. Provide Emotional Support

Alcohol intoxication can leave individuals feeling disoriented, confused, or emotional. Offer reassurance and a calm presence to help them feel secure. Avoid judgment or criticism, as this can worsen their state of distress. If necessary, encourage them to reach out to a trusted friend or family member for additional support.

5. Seek Medical Help if Needed

In some cases, alcohol intoxication may require medical intervention. If the person is unconscious, experiencing seizures, having difficulty breathing, or showing signs of severe alcohol poisoning, it is crucial to contact emergency services immediately. Professional medical assistance can provide the necessary care and ensure their well-being.

6. Prevent Recurrence

After managing the immediate situation, it is important to address any underlying issues related to alcohol use. Encourage the individual to reflect on their drinking habits and consider seeking professional help or counseling if they have ongoing alcohol-related concerns. Promote responsible alcohol consumption and provide resources for support and treatment, if needed.

Conclusion

Managing alcohol intoxication involves prioritizing the safety and well-being of the individual while offering support and assistance. By taking appropriate measures and following these guidelines, you can help ensure the best possible outcome for someone who is intoxicated. Remember, if there are any concerns about the person's health or well-being, it is always advisable to seek medical assistance.

References

• American Psychological Association. Alcohol Intoxication. [updated 2021; cited 2021 Jan 31]. Available from: https://www.apa.org/topics/alcohol-intoxication
• Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. The Role of Screening, Brief Intervention, and Referral to Treatment (SBIRT) in Addressing Substance Use Disorders. [updated 2020; cited 2021 Jan 31]. Available from: https://www.samhsa.gov/sbirt
• National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Drunk Driving. [updated 2020; cited 2021 Jan 31]. Available from: https://www.nhtsa.gov/risky-driving/drunk-driving
• World Health Organization. Management of Substance Abuse. [cited 2021 Jan 31]. Available from: https://www.who.int/substance_abuse/management/en/
• Babor T, Caetano R, Casswell S, et al. Alcohol: No Ordinary Commodity: Research and Public Policy. Oxford University Press; 2010.
• Koob GF, Le Moal M. Neurobiology of addiction. Current Opinion in Neurobiology. 1997;7(2):170-179.
• National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. Alcohol's Effects on the Body. [updated 2020 Sep; cited 2021 Jan 31]. Available from: https://www.niaaa.nih.gov/alcohols-effects-body
• World Health Organization. Global Status Report on Alcohol and Health 2018. [cited 2021 Jan 31]. Available from: https://www.who.int/substance_abuse/publications/global_alcohol_report/gsr_2018/en/