Galactooligosaccharide

Galactooligosaccharide

Chemical structure of a galactooligosaccharide

Galactooligosaccharides (GOS) are a type of oligosaccharide that are composed of galactose units. They are commonly found in various dairy products and are known for their prebiotic properties, which means they promote the growth of beneficial gut microbiota.

Structure and Composition

Galactooligosaccharides consist of a chain of galactose molecules linked together by glycosidic bonds. The degree of polymerization typically ranges from two to eight galactose units. The structure of GOS can vary, but they generally have a terminal glucose unit.

Sources

GOS are naturally present in human breast milk, which is one of the reasons why breastfeeding is beneficial for infant gut health. They can also be synthesized from lactose using enzymatic processes involving _-galactosidase.

Health Benefits

Galactooligosaccharides are known for their ability to stimulate the growth of bifidobacteria and lactobacilli in the gut. These beneficial bacteria help in maintaining a healthy digestive system, improving immune function, and potentially reducing the risk of certain gastrointestinal disorders.

Applications

GOS are used as functional ingredients in various food products, including infant formula, yogurt, and dietary supplements. They are valued for their ability to enhance the nutritional profile of these products by promoting gut health.

Mechanism of Action

The prebiotic effect of GOS is primarily due to their resistance to digestion in the upper gastrointestinal tract. They reach the colon intact, where they are fermented by the gut microbiota, leading to the production of short-chain fatty acids and gases. This fermentation process supports the growth of beneficial bacteria.

Safety and Tolerability

Galactooligosaccharides are generally recognized as safe (GRAS) for consumption. However, excessive intake may lead to gastrointestinal discomfort, such as bloating and flatulence, due to their fermentation in the colon.

Related Pages

• Prebiotic (nutrition)
• Probiotic
• Dietary fiber
• Human microbiome

Nutrition information of Galactooligosaccharide

• USDA on Galactooligosaccharide