Gastrointestinal neoplasm

Gastrointestinal hormones are a group of hormones that regulate the functions of the gastrointestinal tract. These hormones are produced by cells lining the gastrointestinal tract and have a significant impact on the process of digestion and metabolism.

Overview

Gastrointestinal hormones are released into the blood by the cells of the stomach and small intestine. They control various functions of the digestive system, such as the secretion of gastric acid, the movement of food through the digestive tract, and the absorption of nutrients.

Types of Gastrointestinal Hormones

There are several types of gastrointestinal hormones, including:

• Gastrin: This hormone stimulates the secretion of gastric acid by the stomach's parietal cells. It is released in response to certain stimuli, such as the presence of food in the stomach.

• Secretin: Secretin is released by the cells of the duodenum in response to acidic chyme entering from the stomach. It stimulates the pancreas to release bicarbonate, which neutralizes the acid in the chyme.

• Cholecystokinin (CCK): CCK is released by the cells of the duodenum in response to the presence of fats and proteins in the chyme. It stimulates the gallbladder to release bile and the pancreas to release digestive enzymes.

• Ghrelin: Ghrelin is produced by the stomach and stimulates appetite. It also plays a role in regulating body weight.

• Peptide YY (PYY): PYY is released by the cells of the ileum and colon in response to feeding. It reduces appetite and slows the movement of food through the gastrointestinal tract.

Functions of Gastrointestinal Hormones

Gastrointestinal hormones play a crucial role in the regulation of digestion and metabolism. They control the secretion of digestive juices, the movement of food through the digestive tract, and the absorption of nutrients. They also play a role in regulating appetite and body weight.

Clinical Significance

Abnormalities in the production or function of gastrointestinal hormones can lead to a variety of disorders, including peptic ulcers, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), and certain types of cancer. Understanding the role of these hormones in the digestive process can help in the development of treatments for these conditions.