Granulosa theca cell tumor

Granulosa Theca Cell Tumor is a type of ovarian cancer that originates from the granulosa and theca cells of the ovary. These tumors are part of a group of ovarian neoplasms known as sex cord-stromal tumors, which account for approximately 5% of all ovarian tumors. Granulosa theca cell tumors are characterized by their potential to produce estrogen, leading to a variety of symptoms related to excess estrogen exposure.

Classification

Granulosa theca cell tumors are classified into two main types based on their histological features: the adult type and the juvenile type. The adult type is more common and typically affects middle-aged to older women, while the juvenile type is less common and affects children and young adults.

Symptoms

The symptoms of granulosa theca cell tumors can vary depending on the level of estrogen production. Common symptoms include abnormal uterine bleeding, amenorrhea, or postmenopausal bleeding. In prepubertal females, these tumors can cause precocious puberty. Other symptoms may include abdominal pain or a palpable mass in the abdomen.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of granulosa theca cell tumors involves a combination of physical examination, imaging studies such as ultrasound or MRI, and blood tests to measure hormone levels. The definitive diagnosis is usually made through histological examination of the tumor tissue obtained during surgery.

Treatment

The primary treatment for granulosa theca cell tumors is surgical removal of the tumor. Depending on the stage of the disease, this may involve oophorectomy (removal of one ovary), bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy (removal of both ovaries and fallopian tubes), or a more extensive surgical procedure. In some cases, chemotherapy or radiation therapy may be recommended after surgery.

Prognosis

The prognosis for granulosa theca cell tumors is generally favorable, especially when the tumor is detected and treated early. However, these tumors can recur, so long-term follow-up is necessary.

Epidemiology

Granulosa theca cell tumors are rare, accounting for a small percentage of all ovarian tumors. The adult type is more common than the juvenile type.