Granulosa cell tumour

Granulosa cell tumour is a type of ovarian cancer that originates from the granulosa cells within the ovary. These tumours are part of a larger group of cancers known as sex cord-stromal tumours, which make up approximately 5% of all ovarian cancers.

Etiology

The exact cause of granulosa cell tumours is unknown. However, they are associated with mutations in the FOXL2 gene. This gene is involved in the development and function of the ovaries, and mutations can lead to abnormal growth of granulosa cells.

Symptoms

Symptoms of granulosa cell tumours can vary widely, depending on the size and location of the tumour. Common symptoms include abdominal pain, bloating, and irregular menstruation. In some cases, these tumours can produce estrogen, leading to symptoms of estrogen excess such as breast tenderness and menstrual irregularities.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of granulosa cell tumours typically involves a combination of physical examination, imaging studies, and biopsy. Imaging studies such as ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI can help to identify the location and size of the tumour. A biopsy, in which a small sample of tissue is removed for examination under a microscope, can confirm the diagnosis.

Treatment

Treatment for granulosa cell tumours typically involves surgery to remove the tumour. This may be followed by chemotherapy or radiation therapy to kill any remaining cancer cells. In some cases, hormone therapy may be used to block the effects of estrogen, which can stimulate the growth of these tumours.

Prognosis

The prognosis for granulosa cell tumours is generally good, with a 5-year survival rate of approximately 80%. However, these tumours can recur, so long-term follow-up is necessary.

See also

• Ovarian cancer
• Sex cord-stromal tumour
• FOXL2