James Buchanan

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James Buchanan Jr. (April 23, 1791 – June 1, 1868) was an American lawyer and politician who served as the 15th President of the United States from 1857 to 1861. He previously served as the 17th United States Secretary of State and represented Pennsylvania in both houses of the United States Congress.

Early Life and Education

James Buchanan was born in a log cabin in Cove Gap, Pennsylvania, to James Buchanan Sr. and Elizabeth Speer. He was the second of eleven children. Buchanan attended the Old Stone Academy and later graduated from Dickinson College in 1809. He studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1812.

Political Career

Buchanan began his political career in the Pennsylvania House of Representatives from 1814 to 1816. He was elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1820 and served until 1831. Buchanan was appointed as the United States Minister to Russia by President Andrew Jackson in 1832. He served as a United States Senator from 1834 to 1845 and was the 17th United States Secretary of State under President James K. Polk from 1845 to 1849.

Presidency (1857–1861)

Buchanan was elected president in 1856, defeating John C. Frémont and Millard Fillmore. His presidency was marked by the Dred Scott v. Sandford decision and the secession of Southern states, which led to the American Civil War. Buchanan believed that secession was illegal but that going to war to stop it was also illegal. His inability to address the secession crisis has led many historians to rank him as one of the worst presidents in American history.

Later Life and Death

After his presidency, Buchanan retired to his estate, Wheatland, in Lancaster, Pennsylvania. He published his memoir, "Mr. Buchanan's Administration on the Eve of the Rebellion," in 1866. Buchanan died on June 1, 1868, and was buried in Woodward Hill Cemetery in Lancaster.

Legacy

Buchanan's legacy is controversial due to his failure to prevent the Civil War. He is often criticized for his inaction and perceived support of Southern interests. Despite this, he had a long and varied career in public service.

Related Pages

• Presidency of James Buchanan
• Dred Scott v. Sandford
• American Civil War
• Franklin Pierce
• Abraham Lincoln
• John C. Breckinridge
• James K. Polk