Miliary tuberculosis
Miliary Tuberculosis and Hematogenous Dissemination[edit | edit source]
Introduction[edit | edit source]
Miliary Tuberculosis (TB) is a form of tuberculosis characterized by a wide dissemination into the human body and the tiny size of the lesions (resembling millet seeds). It results from the hematogenous spread of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and represents a severe, often life-threatening form of TB.
Pathophysiology[edit | edit source]
Hematogenous Dissemination[edit | edit source]
Hematogenous dissemination occurs when Mycobacterium tuberculosis spreads through the bloodstream to various organs. This can happen in both primary infection and reactivation of latent TB.
Characteristics of Lesions[edit | edit source]
The lesions in miliary TB are small, typically 1-5 mm in diameter, and resemble millet seeds in appearance, hence the name 'miliary'.
Epidemiology[edit | edit source]
Miliary TB is more common in:
- Individuals with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS
- Young children and the elderly
- Patients with a history of TB or latent TB infection
Clinical Features[edit | edit source]
Patients with miliary TB may present with:
- Fever and night sweats
- Weight loss and fatigue
- Cough and difficulty breathing
- Organ-specific symptoms depending on the area of dissemination
Diagnosis[edit | edit source]
Methods of Diagnosis[edit | edit source]
- Chest X-ray: Shows a characteristic 'millet seed' pattern in the lungs
- Sputum Test: To identify Mycobacterium tuberculosis
- CT Scan or MRI: For more detailed imaging of affected organs
- Tuberculin Skin Test and IGRA (Interferon Gamma Release Assays): To detect TB infection
Treatment[edit | edit source]
Treatment involves a combination of antituberculosis drugs for an extended period, often lasting 6-12 months. The regimen typically includes:
- Isoniazid
- Rifampicin
- Pyrazinamide
- Ethambutol
Prevention[edit | edit source]
Preventive strategies include:
- Vaccination with the BCG vaccine in TB-endemic areas
- Early detection and treatment of latent TB infection
- Public health measures to reduce the transmission of TB
Complications and Prognosis[edit | edit source]
Untreated miliary TB can lead to serious complications, including:
- Disseminated organ failure
- Meningitis
- Death
The prognosis improves significantly with timely and adequate treatment.
Public Health and Global Impact[edit | edit source]
Miliary TB is a significant public health challenge, particularly in regions with high rates of TB and HIV co-infection.
References[edit | edit source]
External Links[edit | edit source]
See Also[edit | edit source]
Miliary tuberculosis Resources | ||
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