Moisturiser

Moisturiser

A moisturiser (or moisturizer) is a topical preparation used to hydrate and protect the skin. Moisturisers are complex mixtures of chemical agents specially designed to make the external layers of the skin (epidermis) softer and more pliable. They increase the skin's hydration (water content) by reducing evaporation. Moisturisers are often used to treat or prevent dry skin, and they can also be used to improve skin tone and texture.

Composition

Moisturisers typically contain a combination of the following ingredients:

• Humectants: These substances attract water from the dermis into the epidermis and from the environment. Common humectants include glycerin, hyaluronic acid, and urea.

• Emollients: These are oils and lipids that fill in the spaces between skin cells, making the skin feel smoother. Examples include squalene, lanolin, and mineral oil.

• Occlusives: These form a protective layer on the skin's surface, helping to prevent water loss. Common occlusives include petrolatum, beeswax, and dimethicone.

• Preservatives: To prevent microbial growth, preservatives such as parabens or phenoxyethanol are often included.

• Fragrances: These are added to improve the scent of the product, although they can sometimes cause irritation or allergic reactions.

Mechanism of Action

Moisturisers work primarily by trapping moisture in the skin and preventing it from evaporating. The occlusive agents form a barrier on the skin's surface, while humectants draw moisture into the skin. Emollients fill in the gaps between skin cells, providing a smooth surface.

Types of Moisturisers

Moisturisers can be classified based on their formulation and intended use:

• Lotions: These are lightweight and contain a higher percentage of water, making them suitable for normal to slightly dry skin.

• Creams: Thicker than lotions, creams are suitable for dry to very dry skin and provide a heavier barrier against moisture loss.

• Ointments: These are the heaviest and most occlusive, often used for very dry or cracked skin.

• Gels: These are water-based and often used for oily or acne-prone skin.

Clinical Uses

Moisturisers are used in the management of various skin conditions, including:

• Eczema: Moisturisers help to restore the skin barrier and reduce flare-ups.

• Psoriasis: They can help to soften scales and reduce itching.

• Acne: Non-comedogenic moisturisers can be used to hydrate the skin without exacerbating acne.

• Aging skin: Moisturisers can improve the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles by plumping the skin.

Side Effects

While generally safe, some individuals may experience:

• Allergic reactions to certain ingredients, such as fragrances or preservatives.

• Acne breakouts if the moisturiser is too heavy or comedogenic.

Also see

• Skin care
• Dermatology
• Emollient
• Humectant
• Occlusive