Squamous-cell carcinoma of the lung

Squamous-cell carcinoma of the lung is a type of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) characterized by the presence of squamous cells. Squamous cells are flat cells that line the inside of the airways in the lungs. This form of lung cancer is strongly associated with smoking and is one of the most common types of lung cancer.

Etiology

The primary cause of squamous-cell carcinoma of the lung is tobacco smoking, with a significant correlation between the amount and duration of smoking and the risk of developing lung cancer. Exposure to certain environmental pollutants, such as radon gas, asbestos, and air pollution, can also increase the risk.

Pathophysiology

Squamous-cell carcinoma typically originates in the central airways, such as the bronchi. It arises from the squamous epithelial cells that line the airways. As the cancer grows, it can obstruct air passages, leading to symptoms such as coughing and difficulty breathing. The cancer cells can also spread (metastasize) to other parts of the body.

Clinical Features

Symptoms of squamous-cell carcinoma of the lung may include a persistent cough, coughing up blood, shortness of breath, chest pain, and unexplained weight loss. However, early stages of lung cancer often do not present any symptoms.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of squamous-cell carcinoma involves a combination of imaging tests, such as X-rays and CT scans, and biopsy procedures where a sample of tissue is taken for examination under a microscope. Bronchoscopy is a common procedure used to collect biopsy samples from the lungs.

Treatment

Treatment options for squamous-cell carcinoma of the lung depend on the stage of the cancer and may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and targeted therapy. Early-stage cancers may be treated with surgery to remove the tumor, while advanced stages may require a combination of treatments.

Prognosis

The prognosis for squamous-cell carcinoma of the lung varies depending on the stage at diagnosis and the overall health of the patient. Early detection and treatment significantly improve the prognosis.

Prevention

Prevention of squamous-cell carcinoma of the lung focuses on reducing exposure to risk factors, primarily by avoiding tobacco smoke. Quitting smoking can significantly reduce the risk of developing lung cancer.