Transvaginal ultrasound

Transvaginal Ultrasound (TVS)

Transvaginal ultrasound, often abbreviated as TVS, is a specialized diagnostic imaging procedure that utilizes sound waves to create detailed pictures of the female pelvic organs. Unlike traditional ultrasounds that are performed externally on the abdomen, a TVS involves the insertion of a probe into the vagina. This allows for more direct and clear imaging of structures like the ovaries, uterus, and other pelvic organs.

Overview

TVS operates on the principle of ultrasonography. Sound waves are emitted from a probe, and these waves travel through the body and bounce off structures. The returning echoes from these structures are detected by the same probe and then processed by a computer to generate an image known as a sonogram.

Indications

There are various reasons a healthcare provider may recommend a transvaginal ultrasound:

• Early Pregnancy: In the initial stages of pregnancy, TVS can provide clearer images than an abdominal ultrasound. It can help detect fetal heartbeats, evaluate the size and location of an embryo, and identify any abnormalities.
• Pelvic Pain: To determine potential causes like ovarian cysts, fibroids, or endometriosis.
• Menstrual Irregularities: Evaluating thickened endometrial linings or detecting polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).
• Infertility Evaluations: Assessing the health of reproductive organs.
• Placement of Intrauterine Devices (IUD): Ensuring correct placement and assessing any complications.
• Tumors or Masses: Detecting or assessing the size and nature of any pelvic masses.

Procedure

The transvaginal ultrasound procedure typically involves the following steps:

1. Preparation: Patients are usually advised to empty their bladder before the procedure. They will undress from the waist down and lie on an examination table with their knees bent and feet in stirrups.
2. Probe Insertion: A slender ultrasound probe, covered with a protective sheath and lubricating gel, is gently inserted into the vagina.
3. Imaging: The probe emits sound waves, capturing images of the pelvic organs. The examiner may adjust the probe's position to obtain different views.
4. Completion: Once adequate images are captured, the probe is removed. The patient can then dress and resume normal activities.

Benefits and Limitations

Benefits

• Detailed Imaging: TVS provides high-resolution images of the pelvic organs, often superior to those of an external abdominal ultrasound.
• Non-invasive and Safe: TVS does not involve radiation or surgical procedures. It is considered safe for pregnant women and the developing fetus.
• Real-time Evaluation: Offers immediate visualization of the pelvic organs.

Limitations

• Discomfort: Some patients may experience mild discomfort during the probe insertion.
• Limited Field of View: The TVS provides detailed images of the immediate pelvic area but does not capture broader regions like an abdominal ultrasound.

Risks and Considerations

While TVS is generally safe, patients should communicate any concerns with their healthcare provider. Those with active pelvic infections or certain other medical conditions may need alternative imaging methods.

See Also

• Ultrasonography
• Pelvic examination
• Ovarian cysts
• Endometriosis

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