Acute interstitial nephritis

Acute interstitial nephritis (AIN) is a kidney disorder characterized by inflammation of the spaces between the kidney tubules. It is often caused by an allergic reaction to certain medications, but can also be due to infections or autoimmune diseases.

Causes

The most common cause of AIN is an allergic reaction to medications, particularly nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), antibiotics, and proton pump inhibitors. Other causes can include infections, such as streptococcal infections, and autoimmune diseases like Sjögren's syndrome and systemic lupus erythematosus.

Symptoms

Symptoms of AIN can vary widely, but often include fever, rash, and fatigue. In some cases, patients may also experience kidney failure, which can lead to symptoms such as decreased urine output, fluid retention, and shortness of breath.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of AIN typically involves a combination of blood tests, urine tests, and a kidney biopsy. Blood tests can reveal elevated levels of creatinine, indicating impaired kidney function, while urine tests can show the presence of white blood cells and eosinophils, which are indicative of inflammation.

Treatment

Treatment for AIN primarily involves discontinuing the offending medication, if applicable, and treating any underlying causes. In severe cases, corticosteroids may be used to reduce inflammation. If kidney function does not improve, dialysis may be necessary.

Prognosis

The prognosis for AIN is generally good if the condition is diagnosed and treated promptly. However, if left untreated, AIN can lead to permanent kidney damage and chronic kidney disease.

See also

• Nephritis
• Interstitial nephritis
• Chronic interstitial nephritis