Allergic encephalomyelitis

Allergic Encephalomyelitis Allergic encephalomyelitis is a rare inflammatory disease that affects the central nervous system (CNS). It is characterized by an immune-mediated attack on the brain and spinal cord, leading to neurological symptoms. This condition is often used as an animal model for studying multiple sclerosis (MS) due to its similar pathophysiological features.

Pathophysiology

Allergic encephalomyelitis is primarily an autoimmune disorder. The immune system mistakenly targets the myelin sheath, a protective covering of nerve fibers in the CNS. This results in inflammation and demyelination, disrupting nerve signal transmission.

Immune Response

The disease is initiated by the activation of T-cells, which recognize myelin as a foreign antigen. These T-cells cross the blood-brain barrier and release cytokines, leading to an inflammatory cascade. B-cells may also contribute by producing antibodies against myelin.

Demyelination

Demyelination is the hallmark of allergic encephalomyelitis. It involves the loss of myelin, which insulates nerve fibers, causing neurological deficits. This process is similar to what occurs in multiple sclerosis.

Symptoms

The symptoms of allergic encephalomyelitis can vary but often include:

• Weakness or paralysis
• Sensory disturbances
• Coordination problems
• Cognitive impairments

These symptoms result from the disruption of normal nerve function due to inflammation and demyelination.

Diagnosis

Diagnosing allergic encephalomyelitis involves a combination of clinical evaluation, imaging studies, and laboratory tests.

Imaging

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is commonly used to detect lesions in the CNS. These lesions are indicative of inflammation and demyelination.

Laboratory Tests

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis may show elevated protein levels and the presence of oligoclonal bands, which are markers of immune activity in the CNS.

Treatment

Treatment for allergic encephalomyelitis focuses on reducing inflammation and managing symptoms.

Corticosteroids

Corticosteroids are often used to reduce inflammation and suppress the immune response.

Immunosuppressive Therapy

Other immunosuppressive drugs may be used to prevent further immune-mediated damage.

Research and Animal Models

Allergic encephalomyelitis is frequently studied in animal models, particularly in rodents, to understand the mechanisms of autoimmune diseases like multiple sclerosis. These models are referred to as experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE).

See Also

• Multiple sclerosis
• Autoimmune diseases
• Demyelinating diseases

NIH genetic and rare disease info

• NIH info on Allergic encephalomyelitis

Allergic encephalomyelitis is a rare disease.