Intermenstrual bleeding

Intermenstrual bleeding is a clinical term that refers to vaginal bleeding occurring at any time during the menstrual cycle other than the normal menstrual period. It is also known as metrorrhagia or spotting between periods.

Causes

There are several potential causes of intermenstrual bleeding, including:

• Hormonal imbalances: These can occur due to changes in contraceptive methods, menopause, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), or thyroid disorders.
• Uterine fibroids: These are non-cancerous growths in the uterus that can cause bleeding between periods.
• Endometriosis: This is a condition where tissue similar to the lining of the uterus grows outside the uterus, which can lead to intermenstrual bleeding.
• Sexually transmitted infections (STIs): Certain STIs, such as chlamydia and gonorrhea, can cause bleeding between periods.
• Cancer: In rare cases, intermenstrual bleeding can be a sign of uterine cancer, cervical cancer, or ovarian cancer.

Diagnosis

The diagnosis of intermenstrual bleeding typically involves a thorough medical history and physical examination, including a pelvic examination. Additional tests may include:

• Pap smear: This test checks for changes in the cells of the cervix, which can indicate cervical cancer.
• Endometrial biopsy: A small sample of the lining of the uterus is taken and examined under a microscope.
• Ultrasound: This imaging test can help identify any abnormalities in the uterus or ovaries.
• Hysteroscopy: A thin, lighted tube is inserted into the vagina to examine the cervix and inside of the uterus.

Treatment

Treatment for intermenstrual bleeding depends on the underlying cause. It may include:

• Hormonal therapy: This can help regulate the menstrual cycle and reduce bleeding.
• Surgery: In some cases, surgical removal of fibroids or endometrial tissue may be necessary.
• Antibiotics: If an STI is the cause, antibiotics can treat the infection and stop the bleeding.

See also

• Menstrual cycle
• Menorrhagia
• Dysmenorrhea