Chronic lymphocytic leukemia

Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
Other names	CLL
Specialty	Hematology, Oncology
Symptoms	Often none, swollen lymph nodes, fatigue, fever, infections, weight loss
Complications	Anemia, infection, lymphoma, autoimmune hemolytic anemia
Usual onset	Gradual
Duration	Long term
Causes	Unknown
Risk factors	Family history, certain genetic mutations
Diagnostic method	Blood tests, bone marrow examination
Differential diagnosis	Acute lymphoblastic leukemia, Monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis
Treatment	Observation, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, targeted therapy, stem cell transplant
Medication	Chlorambucil, fludarabine, rituximab
Prognosis	Variable

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a type of cancer that starts from cells that become certain white blood cells (called lymphocytes) in the bone marrow. CLL is characterized by the progressive accumulation of functionally incompetent lymphocytes. It is a type of leukemia which most often affects adults and typically progresses slowly. CLL is the most common type of leukemia in adults.

Signs and Symptoms

People with CLL may experience no symptoms initially. Over time, symptoms that may develop include:

• Enlargement of lymph nodes
• Fatigue
• Fever
• Frequent infections
• Weight loss
• Night sweats
• Abdominal fullness due to enlarged spleen

Causes

The exact cause of CLL is unknown. However, factors that may increase the risk include:

• Genetic mutations
• Family history of CLL
• Exposure to certain chemicals

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of CLL typically involves:

• Complete blood count (CBC) to check for increased lymphocytes
• Immunophenotyping to identify the types of cells involved
• Bone marrow examination
• CT scan or ultrasound may be used to check for swollen organs or lymph nodes

Treatment

Treatment depends on the stage of the disease and symptoms. Options include:

• Observation or "watchful waiting" for early-stage or slow-progressing CLL
• Chemotherapy
• Radiation therapy
• Targeted therapy drugs like rituximab
• Stem cell transplant in certain cases

Prognosis

The prognosis for CLL varies widely. Some patients live many years without treatment, while others may require immediate and aggressive therapy. Factors influencing prognosis include the stage of the disease, the patient's age, and overall health.

Epidemiology

CLL primarily affects older adults and is rare in people under age 40. The incidence increases with age.

See Also

• Leukemia
• Lymphoma
• Hematologic diseases