Compulsive buying disorder

Compulsive Buying Disorder (CBD), also known as shopaholism or shopping addiction, is a psychological disorder characterized by an obsession with shopping and buying behavior that causes distress or impairment. Found in both men and women, it has been recognized and described since the early 20th century, although it is not officially classified as a distinct disorder in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5). However, it shares characteristics with other addictive and mood disorders, leading to ongoing debate about its classification.

Symptoms and Diagnosis

Compulsive buying disorder is marked by an overwhelming urge to shop and spend money, often resulting in emotional distress, financial debt, and disrupted relationships. Individuals with CBD experience an uncontrollable attraction to buying, and the act of purchasing is perceived as a way to relieve stress or negative emotions. However, this relief is temporary, and often followed by guilt, shame, or despair.

Diagnosis is primarily based on self-reported experiences and observed behavior. Criteria for diagnosis include: an obsession with shopping and buying, distress or impairment caused by the behavior, and the absence of other mental disorders that could better explain the behavior.

Causes and Risk Factors

The exact cause of compulsive buying disorder is unknown, but it is believed to be multifactorial, involving genetic, psychological, and social factors. Risk factors may include:

• Personality traits such as impulsivity and low self-esteem
• Mood disorders like depression and anxiety
• Cultural and societal influences that emphasize consumerism
• Family history of addictive or compulsive behaviors

Treatment

Treatment for CBD often involves a combination of psychotherapy, medication, and financial counseling. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is commonly used to help individuals understand and change their buying habits, improve emotional regulation, and address any underlying psychological issues. In some cases, medications used to treat mood disorders or addiction may be beneficial. Financial counseling can also help individuals manage debt and develop healthier spending habits.

Epidemiology

The prevalence of compulsive buying disorder varies by study, but it is estimated to affect a significant portion of the population, with some studies suggesting that between 1% and 6% of the U.S. population may be affected. It appears to be more common in developed countries, where consumer culture is more prevalent.

History

The concept of compulsive buying as a disorder was first described by German psychiatrist Emil Kraepelin in the early 20th century, and later by psychoanalyst Eugen Bleuler. However, it has only been in recent decades that CBD has received significant attention from the psychological and medical communities.

See Also

• Addiction
• Impulse control disorder
• Consumerism
• Debt