Endocapillary proliferative glomerulonephritis

Endocapillary proliferative glomerulonephritis is a type of glomerulonephritis characterized by the proliferation of cells within the capillary lumens of the glomerulus. This condition is part of a broader category of kidney diseases that affect the tiny blood vessels in the kidneys responsible for filtering waste from the blood. Endocapillary proliferative glomerulonephritis can lead to hematuria (blood in urine), proteinuria (protein in urine), and various degrees of kidney failure.

Causes

Endocapillary proliferative glomerulonephritis is often caused by an immune response, where the body's immune system mistakenly attacks the glomeruli. This can be triggered by infections, such as post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis, or by systemic diseases that affect multiple organs and tissues, such as lupus or IgA nephropathy.

Symptoms

The symptoms of endocapillary proliferative glomerulonephritis can vary widely depending on the severity of the condition. Common symptoms include:

• Hematuria - blood in the urine, which may make the urine appear dark or rusty-colored.
• Proteinuria - excess protein in the urine, which may cause the urine to be foamy.
• Edema - swelling, particularly in the feet, ankles, or face, due to the retention of fluids.
• Hypertension - high blood pressure, as the kidneys' ability to regulate blood pressure is compromised.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of endocapillary proliferative glomerulonephritis typically involves a combination of blood tests, urine tests, and imaging studies to assess kidney function and detect the presence of blood and protein in the urine. A definitive diagnosis usually requires a renal biopsy, where a small sample of kidney tissue is examined under a microscope for signs of glomerular inflammation and proliferation.

Treatment

Treatment for endocapillary proliferative glomerulonephritis focuses on addressing the underlying cause, if known, and managing symptoms. This may include:

• Corticosteroids or other immunosuppressive medications to reduce inflammation and immune system activity.
• Antihypertensive medications to control high blood pressure.
• Diuretics to help remove excess fluid from the body.
• Dietary modifications to reduce strain on the kidneys, such as limiting protein and salt intake.

In severe cases, or if the condition leads to significant kidney damage, dialysis or a kidney transplant may be necessary.

Prognosis

The prognosis for individuals with endocapillary proliferative glomerulonephritis varies depending on the cause and severity of the condition, as well as the effectiveness of treatment. Early diagnosis and treatment can improve outcomes and may help prevent or delay the progression to chronic kidney disease or kidney failure.