Hyperemesis gravidarum

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Hyperemesis gravidarum
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Synonyms N/A
Pronounce N/A
Field Obstetrics
Gastroenterology
Symptoms Nausea and vomiting such that weight loss
and dehydration occur
Complications
Onset
Duration Often gets better but may last entire pregnancy
Types
Causes Unknown
Risks First pregnancy, multiple pregnancy, obesity, prior or
family history of hyperemesis gravidarum, trophoblastic disorder
Diagnosis Based on symptoms
Differential diagnosis Urinary tract infection, high thyroid levels
Prevention
Treatment Drinking fluids, bland diet, intravenous fluids
Medication Pyridoxine, metoclopramide
Prognosis
Frequency ~1% of pregnant women
Deaths


Pregnant woman

Hyperemesis gravidarum (HG) is a severe form of nausea and vomiting in pregnancy, far more extreme than the typical morning sickness many pregnant individuals experience. It usually occurs during the first trimester of pregnancy and may last until delivery.

Symptoms[edit | edit source]

HG is characterized by persistent and severe vomiting, leading to weight loss of more than 5% of pre-pregnancy body weight, dehydration, and electrolyte imbalances such as hyponatremia and hypokalemia.

Causes[edit | edit source]

The exact cause of HG remains unknown, although hormonal changes during pregnancy, especially the rise in levels of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), may play a part. Genetic factors and prior history of HG also seem to contribute to the risk.

Diagnosis[edit | edit source]

HG is typically diagnosed based on the patient's symptoms and physical examination. Tests may be done to rule out other potential causes of the symptoms and to assess the severity of dehydration and electrolyte imbalance.

Treatment[edit | edit source]

The first line of treatment for HG is usually conservative, focusing on dietary changes and rest. However, most patients require hospital admission for intravenous fluid and electrolyte replacement. Anti-emetic drugs can be used to control vomiting. In severe cases, enteral or parenteral nutrition may be required.

Prognosis[edit | edit source]

With appropriate management, the prognosis for hyperemesis gravidarum is generally good, although it may significantly affect the individual's quality of life during pregnancy. It can lead to complications such as Wernicke's encephalopathy if left untreated.

See Also[edit | edit source]

References[edit | edit source]


External links[edit | edit source]

Further Reading[edit | edit source]

  • HER Foundation. Understanding Hyperemesis. HER Foundation, 2020.
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