Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome

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Obesity, Sleep & Internal medicine
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Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome
Synonyms	N/A
Pronounce	N/A
Specialty	N/A
Symptoms	Confusion, Ataxia, Ophthalmoplegia, Memory loss, Confabulation
Complications	Korsakoff syndrome
Onset	Acute for Wernicke's encephalopathy, chronic for Korsakoff's syndrome
Duration	Variable
Types	N/A
Causes	Thiamine deficiency
Risks	Alcoholism, Malnutrition, Eating disorders, Hyperemesis gravidarum
Diagnosis	Clinical diagnosis, MRI
Differential diagnosis	Hepatic encephalopathy, Delirium tremens, Hypoglycemia
Prevention	Thiamine supplementation
Treatment	Thiamine administration, Supportive care
Medication	N/A
Prognosis	Variable, depends on early treatment
Frequency	Unknown
Deaths	N/A

MRI FLAIR sequence of Wernicke Encephalopathy

MRI DWI sequence showing restricted diffusion in the mesial dorsal thalami

MRI FLAIR sequence showing hyperintense signal in the periaqueductal grey matter in Wernicke Encephalopathy

Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome (WKS) is a type of brain disorder caused by a lack of vitamin B1, or thiamine. The syndrome is actually two separate conditions that can occur at the same time. Wernicke's encephalopathy and Korsakoff psychosis are the two conditions that make up WKS.

Causes

WKS is usually caused by heavy, long-term use of alcohol. The body needs vitamin B1 to break down alcohol. Too much alcohol can deplete the body's supply of this vitamin. This can damage the brain and cause WKS. Other conditions that can lead to WKS include AIDS, cancers that have spread throughout the body, extreme malnutrition, and certain other medical conditions that affect how the body absorbs food.

Symptoms

Symptoms of WKS can vary. They can include confusion, loss of muscle coordination, and memory problems. In some cases, symptoms can get worse over time and cause severe brain damage.

Diagnosis

Doctors diagnose WKS based on symptoms and medical history. They may also use medical tests, such as a brain MRI or a thiamine level test.

Treatment

Treatment for WKS involves replacing the missing thiamine, stopping alcohol use, and eating a balanced diet. Some people may need to take thiamine supplements for the rest of their lives.

Prognosis

The outlook for people with WKS varies. Some people improve with treatment, while others may have permanent problems. Some people with severe cases of WKS may need to live in a nursing home.

Prevention

The best way to prevent WKS is to drink alcohol in moderation, if at all, and to eat a balanced diet that includes plenty of foods that are high in thiamine.