Louping ill

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Louping ill
File:Nonsuppurative encephalitis in goat affected by louping ill.jpg
Synonyms	N/A
Pronounce	N/A
Specialty	N/A
Symptoms	Fever, ataxia, tremors, paralysis, seizures
Complications	Encephalitis, death
Onset	Sudden
Duration	Variable
Types	N/A
Causes	Louping ill virus
Risks	Sheep, goats, cattle, red grouse, humans
Diagnosis	Serology, PCR
Differential diagnosis	Scrapie, rabies, bacterial meningitis
Prevention	Vaccination, tick control
Treatment	Supportive care
Medication	N/A
Prognosis	Variable, can be fatal
Frequency	Endemic in certain areas of the United Kingdom
Deaths	N/A

Louping ill is an infectious disease primarily affecting sheep, but can also affect other animals such as cattle, goats, and deer. It is caused by the Louping ill virus (LIV), a member of the Flaviviridae family of viruses. The disease is named after the peculiar 'looping' gait exhibited by affected animals, which is one of the most distinctive symptoms of the disease.

Etiology

The Louping ill virus is a single-stranded RNA virus that belongs to the genus Flavivirus. It is closely related to other tick-borne viruses such as Tick-borne encephalitis virus and Powassan virus. The virus is primarily transmitted through the bite of infected Ixodes ricinus ticks, which are the main vector for the disease.

Epidemiology

Louping ill is endemic in the British Isles, particularly in the upland areas of Scotland, Wales, and Northern England. The disease is seasonal, with most cases occurring in the spring and early summer when tick activity is highest.

Clinical Signs and Diagnosis

Affected animals exhibit neurological signs such as unsteady gait, tremors, and paralysis. In severe cases, the disease can lead to death. Diagnosis is typically based on clinical signs and can be confirmed by laboratory testing, including PCR and serology.

Prevention and Control

Prevention of Louping ill primarily involves controlling the tick population and vaccinating susceptible animals. The Louping ill vaccine is an inactivated virus vaccine that provides effective protection against the disease.

Human Infection

Humans can also contract Louping ill, although this is rare. Most human cases have occurred in individuals with occupational exposure to infected animals, such as farmers and veterinarians. In humans, the disease can cause flu-like symptoms and, in severe cases, neurological disease.

See Also

• Tick-borne diseases
• Flavivirus
• Zoonotic diseases