Lyme disease - neurological complications

Infectious disease caused by Borrelia bacteria, spread by ticks

Lyme disease
Synonyms	Lyme borreliosis
Pronounce	N/A
Field	Infectious disease
Symptoms	Expanding area of redness at the site of a tick bite, fever, headache, tiredness
Complications	Facial nerve paralysis, arthritis, meningitis
Onset	A week after a bite
Duration
Types	N/A
Causes	Borrelia spread by ticks
Risks
Diagnosis	Based on symptoms, tick exposure, blood tests
Differential diagnosis
Prevention	Prevention of tick bites (clothing the limbs, DEET), doxycycline
Treatment
Medication	Doxycycline, amoxicillin, ceftriaxone, cefuroxime
Prognosis
Frequency	365,000 per year
Deaths

Lyme disease is caused by a bacterial organism that is transmitted to humans via the bite of an infected tick. Most people with Lyme disease develop a characteristic skin rash around the area of the bite. The rash may feel hot to the touch, and vary in size, shape, and color, but it will often have a "bull's eye" appearance (a red ring with a clear center). However, there are those who will not develop the rash, which can make Lyme disease hard to diagnose because its symptoms and signs mimic those of many other diseases.

Incubation period

Anywhere from 7 to 14 days (or in some cases, 30 days) following an infected tick's bite, the first stage of Lyme disease may begin with flu-like symptoms such as fever, chills, swollen lymph nodes, headaches, fatigue, muscle aches, and joint pain.

Neurological complications

Neurological complications most often occur in the second stage of Lyme disease, with numbness, pain, weakness, Bell's palsy (paralysis of the facial muscles), visual disturbances, and meningitis symptoms such as fever, stiff neck, and severe headache. Other problems, which may not appear until weeks, months, or years after a tick bite, include decreased concentration, irritability, memory and sleep disorders, and nerve damage in the arms and legs.

Treatment

Lyme disease is treated with antibiotics under the supervision of a physician.

Prognosis

Most individuals with Lyme disease respond well to antibiotics and have full recovery. In a small percentage of individuals, symptoms may continue or recur, requiring additional antibiotic treatment. Varying degrees of permanent joint or nervous system damage may develop in individuals with late-stage Lyme disease.